Public Administration and Democratic Governance Essay

Public Administration and Democratic Governance - Essay Example Traditionally public administration has been the forte of orthodox public administrators. They believed in monopolistic policy making and forced enforcement of these policies. With "Change" occurring at rapid phase democratic governance in public administration is inevitable to provide responsive and effective service to citizens. Citizen awareness has been another driving force enabling changes in functioning of the public administration. Citizens are more demanding, ask for more out of less and have raised the bar for public administrators from just governance to good governance. This notion has moved the responsibilities of public servants from service providers to the ones responsible for greater public good and minority upliftment. The three branches of governance - Legislative, Executive and Judiciary are no more seen as separate entities, instead, their packaged service accessibility is one of the other major responsibilities of a public administrator. The drivers mentioned above lay the stepping stone for "New Public Administration" (NPM). This initiative has become a synonym for public administration's effort towards democratic governance aiming to achieve greater economic and social development. The self governance process introduced by NPM is driven by innovation at all levels intending to face the turbulent dissatisfaction environment. Decentraliza

Financial Engineering Essay Example for Free

Financial Engineering Essay University of Stratchclyde is amongst one of the top ranking universities in the United Kingdom. The university is located right at the heart of Glasgow, Scotland’s biggest and most cosmopolitan city. The University of Stratchclyde was founded in 1796 when John Anderson, Professor of Natural philosophy at Glasgow University left instructions in his will to establish a university which should be a place for useful learning for everyone. His vision was realized when Anderson’s university opened later in the same year he died. The university developed rapidly since its inception and by the 1890s, had become a major technological institution with a wide reputation for research and learning. This rapid expansion meant that there was a need of raising more finances for opening up a new building for the university. For this purpose, a fundraising campaign was started by the governors and as a result a, the Glasgow and West of technical college building, now the Royal College Building was opened in George street(strath. ac. uk. ,n. d. ). The primary focus was on science and engineering, though it also offered some courses in management. The college was known for producing some of the best scientists and engineers of its time. In 1964, the Royal College was granted the Royal Charter and thus became the University of Strathclyde. In 1993, the University of Strathclyde merged with Jordan hill College of Education, which is Scotland’s Premier teacher training college(strath. ac. uk. , n. d). This new faculty offers teacher training alongside courses such as speech and language pathology, social work, sport and outdoor education. At the time the University received its Royal Charter, it had some 4,000 full-time students and only a single block of buildings fronted by the Royal College. Today University of Strathclyde has become the third largest university in Scotland.

The Methods of Iago in Shakespeares Othello :: Othello essays

The Methods of Iago in Othello Through out the play of Othello Iago used many techniques to get what he wanted and one way or another he some how all most always got what he wanted. His techniques were that of an everyday sneaky, conniving bad guy, who always got people to trust him, except the person that was closest to him. But the main overall techniques he used were; 1)He gained the trust of people. Which was the number one technique, and from gaining their trust he could branch off form that and then he could manipulate the people he was playing into thinking that he was on their side even when he might be on the opposite side. Another thing that he could do to people was to, from gaining their trust and making then think that he was on their side he could manipulate them and make them turn on each other. The other technique that he used which didn't nearly play a role as large as the first technique but was important was he was always very careful, in being discovered and by covering his tracks. He knew how to take care of things in precarious situation. There was in my own personal opinion one more technique, and that was that he knew how to use all his options and could use his wits and cunningness. Iago's number one technique was his ability to make people trust him. He had just about everyone spun in Iago's web. Rodrigo, Othello, Cassio, Desdemona, Emilia, and etc. And he got every one of them to trust him, although he still hadn't got Emilia into his web fully. She still had suspicions about him. He could gain the trust of people as if it was nothing to him. He always when talking to that certain person said that he was on their side, making a false trust that the person believed, and therefore trusted him. Now most of the people he did this to it worked on. Such as Cassio calling him "Honest Iago" and when Cassio got in that fight with Rodrigo, he believed that Iago was the only good, honest man on his side, even though he was the one who set him up. The Methods of Iago in Shakespeare's Othello :: Othello essays The Methods of Iago in Othello Through out the play of Othello Iago used many techniques to get what he wanted and one way or another he some how all most always got what he wanted. His techniques were that of an everyday sneaky, conniving bad guy, who always got people to trust him, except the person that was closest to him. But the main overall techniques he used were; 1)He gained the trust of people. Which was the number one technique, and from gaining their trust he could branch off form that and then he could manipulate the people he was playing into thinking that he was on their side even when he might be on the opposite side. Another thing that he could do to people was to, from gaining their trust and making then think that he was on their side he could manipulate them and make them turn on each other. The other technique that he used which didn't nearly play a role as large as the first technique but was important was he was always very careful, in being discovered and by covering his tracks. He knew how to take care of things in precarious situation. There was in my own personal opinion one more technique, and that was that he knew how to use all his options and could use his wits and cunningness. Iago's number one technique was his ability to make people trust him. He had just about everyone spun in Iago's web. Rodrigo, Othello, Cassio, Desdemona, Emilia, and etc. And he got every one of them to trust him, although he still hadn't got Emilia into his web fully. She still had suspicions about him. He could gain the trust of people as if it was nothing to him. He always when talking to that certain person said that he was on their side, making a false trust that the person believed, and therefore trusted him. Now most of the people he did this to it worked on. Such as Cassio calling him "Honest Iago" and when Cassio got in that fight with Rodrigo, he believed that Iago was the only good, honest man on his side, even though he was the one who set him up.

Music Appreciation Lab Questions Essay

This is the second lab assignment for the Fine Art Survey class. The link in blue has a set of questions beneath it. Open the link and watch the video. **Note that the link opens up a new browser window. Please answer the questions on this document and submit the work as one file attachment. This means you complete all work in one word processing document (e.g., Microsoft Word) and attach the file using the dropbox tool. The answers to the lab questions are worth 80 points. 80-74=A73-68=B67-60=C59-54=D53 or less = F Lab Questions Visit Divas and Superstars and watch the show’s video. (If you have trouble with the link, put this website into the address bar: http://video.pbs.org/video/1300186085/ ) 1. Who sang at the Grammy’s in Spanish in the late 1990s? What was the reaction? Ricky Martin sang in Spanish at the Grammys. the crowd and people watching at home loved it. It was widely supported and accepted. 2. When did Latin music burst back on the scene? What song brought it back to the mainstream? What effect did it have? Latin music bursted back on the scene in 1984. â€Å"Conga† by Gloria Estefan & the Miami Sound Machine brought back Latin music back to the mainstream. It defined Latin pop music by mixing a Latin beat with English words. 3. How did the sounds of salsa change? The sounds of salsa changed because it was starting to be fused with pop, R&B, etc., so that more people could understand it. 4. What was the influence of CBS’ Latin division on the explosion of Latin music in the US? CBS Latin division supported and sponsored Latin music and helped it in its growth across America. 5. Who were some of the artists who brought together Latin influenced music with mainstream pop music? Jenifer Lopez, Marc Anthony, Ricky Martin, and Gloria Stefan & the Miami Sound Machine were some of the artists that brought together Latin influenced music with the mainstream pop music. 6. Why did the Latin music influence decrease? The Latin music influence decreased people started becoming more modernized and less people could understand the music. 7. What was Reggaeton? Reggaeton was a mixture of the Jamacian â€Å"Dem Bow† beat mixed with Puerto Rican and Latin beats. 8. What other types of music are being influenced by â€Å"Latin† music? Hip-Hop, rap, pop, and rock are all types of music being influenced by â€Å"Latin† music.

The Effects of Social Media on Traditional Marketing

The Effects of Social Media on Traditional Marketing and Advertising Social media is not new. Facebook has been around since 2004, YouTube since 2005, and Twitter in 2006. What is new is how social media sites like Facebook, YouTube and Twitter are affecting the way businesses market their products and services. Never before in our history have consumers been able to communicate so effortlessly with each other and with the businesses they frequent.Never before have businesses been able to interact and react to customer feedback so quickly and efficiently. However, just because businesses have the ability to use social media for their marketing and advertising efforts, does not necessarily mean they should. This paper intends to answer the question of how social media has affected the way businesses market their products and services. This question is significant not only to the business, as it directly affects not only their profit, but also their brand, their image, and their reputa tion.It is also significant to consumers, because as a consumer you will be able to see how you have the power to shape a company’s products and services, as well as shape a company’s image and reputation. No longer can a company run an advertisement on television or radio promoting how ecologically friendly they are and assume people are just going to believe them. 10 years ago that might have worked.Now, consumers can research to see if that company is in fact ecologically friendly and if they are not, consumers can start a Facebook group, a Twitter profile, a YouTube channel, and endless other social media profiles in order to spread the word about the company’s false or misleading advertising. The reverse is also true. If a company creates an amazing quality product which solves a consumer’s need at a fair price, that company may have to do very little traditional advertising as consumers would spread the word about the products through their vast soc ial networks.Social media has forever changed the relationship between business and the consumer and this relationship affects the way businesses market their products and services. In order to see how social media is defining the way businesses have traditionally marketed their products, it is helpful to look at case studies of multiple businesses and social media marketing experts. This paper will center on multiple different businesses and how they are using social media effectively to market their products and services to consumers.According to â€Å"Corporate reputation in the era of Web 2. : the case of Primark† published in the November 1, 2009 issue of the Journal of Marketing Management, Brian Jones, John Temperley, and Anderson Lima draw from the work of multiple authors from multiple publications. Using the multitude of resources the authors draw from, they answer how companies, specifically Primark, position themselves on the internet in order to build relationshi ps, control their image, and build their brand and reputation to indicate that the new era of company reputation is built not only by the company, but rather by both the company and the consumer.According to the authors, â€Å"the new rules for engagement on the social web are explored in relation to how they contribute to, damage, or improve corporate reputation and brand image. † (Jones 927-928) What these new rules mean is that, â€Å"management of corporate reputation is a two-way, top down and bottom up process. † (Jones 928) This means that not only are companies trying to portray a certain image through social media, but that also consumers are projecting their own images on to these companies through social media as well.This information is useful because it shows how social media allows consumers to shape a company as well as how companies can use social media to shape public opinion. According to â€Å"Marketing in a Hyper-Social World† published in th e September 2010 issue of the Journal of Advertising Research, Francois Gossieaux, and Edward Moran draw from the work of multiple authors from multiple publications. Using the multitude of resources the authors draw from, they study the results of a survey of several hundred companies using online marketing in order to determine the best practices for those advertising strategies.The authors ascertain that social media marketing is only as effective as the prevailing psychological factors in which social media works. These factors are inherent in human communication, not only on the internet, but in the real world as well. The authors state that there are communities of people using social media and that â€Å"these communities often thrive because the members primarily are drawn to one another.The importance of person-to-person affinity – and the ability to interact with these other humans – typically trumped the role of the sponsor’s goods or services or the presence of other features in the online communities. † (Moran 232) What the authors are saying is that social media is a new tool in order to bring similar consumers together and that if a company wants to be successful in social media marketing, they must concentrate on the human connection rather than their product or services.According to â€Å"Social marketing meets interactive media† published in the 2011 issue of the International Journal of Advertising, Ronald Hill and Nora Moran draw from the work of multiple authors from multiple publications. Using the multitude of resources the authors draw from, they seek to resolve the dilemma of how models of social marketing have not been easy to implement or analyze effectively. They assert that companies must face opportunities and challenges in implementing social media or otherwise lose their target customers of new and younger generations.The authors propose that a great deal more study and research need to go into how to successfully implement social media, however their research states that, â€Å"overall, studies examined indicate that greater levels of interactivity, feedback and encouragement, customisation, and clarity and support are fundamental components of successful programmes. † (Hill 829) What the authors suggest is that social media allows consumers to interact with each other and with the companies they buy from, and these basic human form of interaction is what makes social media so successful.According to â€Å"Social Media ROI† published in the December 2010/January 2011 issue of Marketing Management, Robert Duboff and Scott Wilkerson draw from the work of multiple authors from multiple publications. Using the multitude of resources the authors draw from, they focus on finding a solution which will help them measure a return on investment for implementing social media and whether or not to invest in social marketing. The authors put forth and interesting questi on as to who actually is in control of a brand with the advent of social media.The peer-to-peer aspect of the Internet, which has been made much more efficient through social media, has prompted the debate about who owns a brand. Some commentators and marketers maintain that consumers, users and the public now own every brand, given their ability to use social media to: laud or criticize the brand and immediately communicate their experience or opinion to everyone they know; send links to websites, video or to articles and information, etc. ; and create and post content. Duboff 34)The idea the authors are putting forward is that consumer are able to control a brand and the perception of that brand because of the immense power of social media. According to â€Å"Marketing on a Shoe String† published in the Winter 2012 issue of Marketing Health Services, Ann Marie Gothard and Kate Sotiridy draw from the work of multiple authors from multiple publications. Using the multitude of resources the authors draw from, they discuss the marketing strategy of Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City.They discuss how Mount Sinai determined that traditional media would not work for targeting their market and instead opted for using a grassroots approach which included the implementation of social media. The authors show evidence of how using social media effectively was able to increase the percentage of clientele who were exposed to Mount Sinai Medical Center. While using a specific social media campaign, there was, â€Å"an 83 percent increase in Web traffic, coupled with a 42 percent increase in call volume [which is] substantial at any cost. And for a very low cost, it is remarkable. (Gothard 15)The authors here are able to use a case study to show how social media marketing can be used as an effective tool and for a minimal cost. According to â€Å"Evolution of Blogs as a Credible Marketing Communication Tool† published in the June 2011 issue of Journa l of Case Research, Mohit Maurya draws from the work of multiple authors from multiple publications. Using the multitude of resources the author draws from, the author discusses how a two way communication between consumers and corporate brands are being shaped through the use of blogs.The author presents case studies from different companies who have successfully and unsuccessfully used blogs to communicate with consumers. The pace of evolution and adoption of internet has facilitated the development of Consumer Generated Media – CGM or user generated content on the cyber world, which has compelled the marketers to rethink their marketing communication guidelines†¦Consumer Generated Media has begun to prove itself as an outstanding tool for not only social networking, but also as an effective interactive communication medium in the realm of business. Maurya 71)The author proposes that as consumers, we are able to control the messages we receive and that companies need t o recognize these channels of communication if they are to be successful in their marketing efforts. According to â€Å"Social media etiquette: A guide and checklist to the benefits and perils of social marketing† published in the September – December 2010 issue of the Journal of Database Marketing and Customer Strategy Management, Matt Ramsay draws from the work of multiple authors from multiple publications.Using the multitude of resources the author draws from, the author summarizes lessons learned from the successes and failures of social networking as well as compiles a list of best practices for social networking. According to Ramsay, â€Å"businesses that succeed in social media are those who maximize their customer service levels through listening and responding to what people are saying about their brand. † (257) Ramsay is again solidifying the fact that social media is a two way process in which the consumer and business have an equal stake in forming how marketing will take place and whether or not it will be effective.According to â€Å"Social media in branding: Fulfilling a Need† published in the August 2011 issue of the Journal of Brand Management, Jack Yan draws from the work of multiple authors from multiple publications. Using the multitude of resources the author draws from, the author looks at how new media can have an impact on branding. Yan shows how user connection and interactivity are important. â€Å"It is, therefore, necessary for brands to build a connection with users and fostering a sense of belonging through the engagement itself. (Yan 690) According to â€Å"2011 Social Media Marketing Industry Report.How Marketers are Using Social Media to Grow Their Businesses† published in April 2011 for the website SocialMediaExaminer. com, Michael A. Stelzner draws from the work of multiple authors from multiple publications. Using the multitude of resources the author draws from, the author surveyed over 3300 marketers with the goal of understanding how marketers are using social media to grow and promote their businesses. Stelzner, in compiling his survey, was able to determine the benefits of social media marketing. The number-one advantage of social media marketing (by a long shot) is generating more business exposure, as indicated by 88% of marketers. † (Stelzner 5) The more exposure a business has, the easier it is for consumers to talk about it and spread the word to their peers. According to â€Å"Social Integration† published in the November/December 2011 issue of the Journal of Property Management, Karen Altes draws from the work of multiple authors from multiple publications. Using the multitude of resources the author draws from, the author focuses on the integration of social media into business.The author ascertains that social media is a tactic rather than a strategy, which should be used in all aspects of marketing, public relations, and communications. à ¢â‚¬Å"However, social media is different from other communication tools you may already be using. It is participatory, and is as much about what your customers, tenants and clients are saying about you and your properties as what you are saying to them. † (Altes 60) The author is again reinforcing that social media is effecting advertising in that marketers are not only able to speak directly to consumers, but that consumers are also able to speak to companies and marketers.Social media has significantly affected the way businesses and consumers interact with each other. It has been shown how important having a two way conversation is in order to implement and manage a company’s brand and reputation. This is significant because it is important to know just how much power we have as consumers. Until the recent advent of the internet and social media, traditional advertising and marketing was a one way conversation. A company advertised their product or service and the co nsumer was just forced to believe them.Now, consumers are able to provide their own voice and have a say in what they believe. This is essential for companies to understand because now they have to not only provide products and services, they need to communicate those products and services with consumers without being false or misleading, otherwise these companies will not be in business very long. Works Cited Moran, Edward, and Francois Gossieaux. â€Å"Marketing In A Hyper-Social World. † Journal Of Advertising Research 50. (2010): 232-239. Business Source Premier. Web. 6 May 2012. Hill, Ronald P. , and Nora Moran. â€Å"Social Marketing Meets Interactive Media. † International Journal Of Advertising 30. 5 (2011): 815-838. Business Source Premier. Web. 6 May 2012. Duboff, Robert, and Scott Wilkerson.â€Å"Social Media Roi. † Marketing Management 19. 4 (2010): 32-37. Business Source Premier. Web. 6 May 2012. Jones, Brian, John Temperley, and Anderson Lima. â₠¬Å"Corporate Reputation In The Era Of Web 2. 0: The Case Of Primark. † Journal Of Marketing Management 25. /10 (2009): 927-939. Business Source Premier. Web. 6 May 2012. â€Å"Marketing On A Shoe String. † Marketing Health Services 32. 1 (2012): 12-15. Business Source Premier. Web. 6 May 2012. Maurya, Mohit. â€Å"Evolution Of Blogs As A Credible Marketing Communication Tool. † Journal Of Case Research 2. 1 (2011): 71-90. Business Source Premier. Web. 6 May 2012. Ramsay, Matt.â€Å"Social Media Etiquette: A Guide And Checklist To The Benefits And Perils Of Social Marketing. † Journal Of Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management 17. /4 (2010): 257-261. Computer Source. Web. 6 May 2012. Yan, Jack. â€Å"Social Media In Branding: Fulfilling A Need. † Journal Of Brand Management 18. 9 (2011): 688-696. Business Source Premier. Web. 6 May 2012. Stelzner, Michael A. â€Å"2011 Social Media Marketing Industry Report. How Marketers are Using Social Media to Grow Their Businesses. † SocialMediaExaminer. com. April 2011, Web. 16 March 2012 Altes, Karen. â€Å"Social Integration. † Journal Of Property Management 76. 6 (2011): 60. Business Source Premier. Web. 6 May 2012.

APA Style Research Paper

APA Style Research Paper APA Style Research Paper APA Style Research Paper The most commonly requested format for research paper writing is APA style. APA style is commonly used in the social sciences and is consider as the most influential research paper writing style. Nevertheless, different fields may have some aberration, so consult your advisor on research paper writing requirements. If the teacher asks you to write APA style research paper, you have to follow specific rules which make the presentation of written material more understandable. Research paper APA style covers the following elements: punctuation and abbreviations, construction of tables, selection of headings, citation of references, presentation of statistics as well as many other elements that are a part of every academic essay. Research Paper Help The first thing you should do is to define a research paper topic. You have the possibility to demonstrate your research skills: collect information, examine it and make your own contribution to the existing knowledge. Every research paper topic should be focused on a problem or question which has to be solved or answered. Determine the main aspect of your research paper topic.  Library resources will help you to understand the topic problem and to arrange research paper ideas. Collect information on given phenomenon, inform about experiments that have been already done. Reading a scientific literature will help you to find out the most important and relevant data for your research paper writing. Title page, the text of the research paper and list of references are the basic issues of an APA style research paper. Writing a research paper you have to use other elements such as: abstract, references, appendices, footnotes, tables etc. Let's take a look at some elements. Title page is the separate first page. The title should be in the center about halfway down the page. The information including your name, college, course, professor etc. should be below the title. Make sure that the title is meaningful. It should signal to the reader what your research paper topic is. Bibliography list should be presented at the end of your research paper. The list begins on a new page. The purpose of including a bibliographic reference is to allow your readers to track down your sources. While writing bibliography, you need to include standard bibliographic information: author, title, place of publication, publisher, and year of publication. Custom Written Research Papers If you are not sure how to format your research paper in proper APA style, ask our writers for research paper writing help and the formatting will be done for free!   In addition to custom written research paper you receive free bibliography list, free title page, and free plagiarism report!   Only professional and experienced writers working at are entrusted to work on your research paper writing!

Geography A2 Exam Question Essay Example

Geography A2 Exam Question Essay Example Geography A2 Exam Question Essay Geography A2 Exam Question Essay Discuss the impacts of storm events in the British Isles and evaluate the responses to them (40 marks) - - - The British Isles has a cool temperate western maritime climate including four seasons and various weather conditions. Storms come and go some so weak they are unnoticed and some bring in heavy winds and torrential rain and thunder. Depressions are areas of low atmospheric pressure which produce cloudy, rainy and windy weather.These low-pressure systems often begin in the Atlantic, moving eastwards towards the UK. They are responsible for the UKs changeable weather. A storm event we will look at in the British Isles happened in 1987. The storm struck the South West amp; South East of England which devastated buildings and left 12 people dead. This global location is prone to depressions. The storm was initially directed towards northern France and Europe but veered up to the U. K. The sea water from the surrounding ocean flooded people’s homes causing people to flee their homes and evacuate.This cost England thousands of pounds including insurance claims. The surrounding tide from the sea was said to have raised by around 2 to 3 meters. : Approximately 40 mm of rain and hail fell in the course of a few hours. The main cause of deaths was mainly from flooding and high wind speeds – up to 108mph. Anything loose was flying around including roof tiles and debris. - - The main primary impacts were homes damaged by strong winds and flooding of properties.The National Grid sustained heavy damage during the event, as crashing cables began to short circuit and overheat the main system. Many windows of houses were also broken. Slates from roofs of buildings came crashing down which resulted in everyone trapped indoors. Another primary impact was the damage and uprooting of thousands of trees, An estimated 15 million trees were lost. The sewers and sewage systems were flooded, creating dark colored flood waters. This also lead to water contamination and diseases being spread more easily. - We can see how great the impact of the 1987 storm was by comparing it to Hurricane Katrina. Hurricane Katrina formed over the Bahamas on August 23rd, 2005 and crossed southern Florida as a Category 1 hurricane, causing some deaths and flooding there before strengthening rapidly in the Gulf of Mexico. The hurricane strengthened to a Category 5 hurricane over the warm Gulf water, but weakened before making its second landfall as a Category 4 hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph on the morning of Monday, August 29th in Louisiana.The hurricane covered over 500km area and went approximately 160 miles inland. As a result of hurricane Katrina, damage to the U. S was approximately $80 billion nearly triple the damage brought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992. However, in New Orleans 2,000 people died as opposed to 12 in Britain. The structure of the buildings in the area was good with well built concrete housing, this resulted in fewer deaths. The number of deaths could have been far higher as the depression was not as strong as the USA hurricane. The impacts in the USA was far greater than that of the UK.At least 1,800 people died in the hurricane with consequential floods. The hurricane had an 8. 5m high storm surge which resulted in large amounts of widespread flooding across hundreds of miles. This caused surface waves to be amplified and increased the height further. Almost every death was a result from the flooding with a few from collapsed buildings. - - Looking at the responses to the storms of the British Isles, we can see that no evacuation took place.This may be because Britain was not expecting a huge storm such as this. The British Isles did not have a hurricane warning system which on the other hand New Orleans did have such a system in place. The 1987 storm in the U. K was a very rare event and no one was prepared for it. A storm of this strength and power only comes every 200 years. The British Isles had a very poor response with little emergency services and help. Britain is used to constant cyclonic weather for the majority of the time and do not expect extreme weather conditions such as that of the hurricane season in the Gulf of Mexico.New Orleans had sufficient measures in place such as emergency shelters and services. - - How good the response is can be linked to how severe the impacts of the storm were. In the Great Storm of 1987 the response was very fast. The emergency services cleared the area as fast as they could clearing roads and highways. Many people volunteered themselves to clean up rubbish and objects off streets. High community spirit meant that the streets and litter was back to normal in no time.The response was fairly good by the British Isles but if it actually was a hurricane then the UK would have been more severely damaged. The response by the USA was planned evacuating the area before hand as they could see it coming, preparing food and medical supplies. However, it is the response after the hurricane that was extremely impressive. FEMA spent lots of money on rebuilding areas and providing tents, shelter, food amp; medicine to the homeless, preventing diseases. - - - - - - - - These responses greatly outweigh the British capability of responses, but although the British response to storms may not be as high severe as responses such as America, British storms are not as bad one like Hurricane Katrina. - In conclusion British responses are good enough for the size of storms the British Isles receives. The storm gave a valuable picture of what could possibly happen in the future. However, they do not indicate the likelihood of such future events. In order to fully assess the windstorm risk in the U. K, it is necessary to look not just at the footprints and associated losses of historical events, but als o at the losses generated by an exhaustive set of events that assign probabilities of occurrence to different windstorm depressions.

Peculiarities of Writing in the Humanities

Peculiarities of Writing in the Humanities Peculiarities of Writing in the Humanities Writing in the humanities can be challenging because of the diversity and vastness of the discipline. Humanities covers human culture, which is rather hard to pin down. It covers anthropology, history, languages, laws, politics, literature, performing arts, philosophy, religion, and much more. Despite the extensive nature of this discipline, there are several essentials that you should keep in mind while writing papers about humanities subjects: Having focus. Since the humanities is a wide discipline, drawing attention to specifics is key. Say if your topic is â€Å"life as a working poet† it would be good to make it more narrow. It could be something like, â€Å"Working as a poet in Seattle in the 1980s.† The humanities is about digging deep into human nature and behavior, and decoding it for your readers. If you take only a surface look at a certain phenomenon, you aren’t doing your job. The format. Commonly, humanities papers run in this sequence: thesis, evidence/counter evidence, conclusion. The thesis is made in the introduction, and is usually a statement of one or two sentences that is the foundation of our paper. In the evidence/counter evidence section, you must present the appropriate research you have found on a certain phenomenon and make sure that the evidence backs up the claim in the thesis. In the conclusion, not only do you summarize your main points, but you also synthesize those findings and derive something important for your readers to think about from it. Though most academic papers require proper documentation of ideas and quotations, in the humanities, it is essential to building a proper argument based on your thesis and for your claims to be viable in the eyes of readers. Textual evidence, from books, journals, and so on, are more likely to be featured in humanities papers. Also, making footnotes is quite common in humanities papers, and you should be aware of how to use them and how to correctly format them. Okay, it is still an academic paper, but a paper based in the humanities can appeal to both logic and emotions. Writers try to capture the imagination of readers through their writing, and not just write dry text to impress textbook writers. The phrasing of the writing is key to appealing to readers. In the humanities, academic papers should be enticing and engaging to read, rather than a simple report. The emotions expressed should not explicit, but rather implied, however. Having a balanced discussion. Humanities papers should not lean towards one side too strongly. They are not persuasive essays. They try to report on the truth of a matter in a comprehensive, holistic way that is focused. If your essay becomes too preachy, know that something is wrong. Present both sides of the issue youre examining, from a neutral point of you. Give sufficient evidence for both spectrums of your topic. Writing a paper in the humanities can be a real trip sometimes. However, if you follow and integrate the above points in your writing practice, writing humanities papers can be a lot easier.

Computer Communications & Networks Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Computer Communications & Networks - Lab Report Example In order to test connectivity of the Internet connection, ping command is executed from the command prompt of the operating system. The syntax will be ping (space) (destination address), moreover, in order to review hops and delays in accessing the X stream server, the ‘tracert’ command can be executed from the command prompt. The syntax for this command will be tracert (space) (destination address). The ping command utilized Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to check the connectivity of the destination by sending ICMP echo request on periodic basis. Moreover, the ‘tracert’ command demonstrates all the hops and delays that are in the way of that particular destination. Likewise, it is not necessary that only routers are involved in the process of establishing and exchanging information from the required host. The Ethernet is the first device that initiates and constructs a request datagram from the home computer, as it is considered to be the most pop ular Local Area Network technology that is implemented globally (Ethernet. 2007). The connectivity of the Ethernet adapter is established by both wired and wireless networks. However, in terms of wired connectivity, twisted pairs of cable are connected in to the Ethernet RJ45 socket. The other end of the wire is terminated to the router, switch or hub. In this scenario, home user will use a DSL router that will connect the home computer with the Internet Service Provider (ISP). Likewise, the Ethernet construct the datagram consisting of six parameters i.e. destination address, source address, preamble, type, CRC and data. The preamble parameter is responsible for clock synchronization of the data packets from the source and destination. Likewise, the addresses... This report approves that home Internet users do not have DNS configured. ISP is responsible to resolve the URL into IP addresses. In order to do so, the request from the home network will terminate on the ISP Network that will resolve the URL and sends the request to the relevant destination accordingly. After resolving the DNS for the URL, the router checks for the shortest and robust path for processing the quest with the help of routing protocol. Some popular routing protocols include Routing Information Protocol, Open Shortest Path First, Border Gateway Protocol. After identifying the most suitable path for the request, the connection to the X stream server will be established. Encapsulation of User datagram protocol, IP and Ethernet takes place before sending it to the router for resolving DNS query. This essay makes a conclusion that the first section covered mandatory requirements as well issues that occur on physical layer connectivity. Likewise, we have discussed the Ethernet packet header along with its purpose in details. The next discussion was about CSMA/CD, as the request needs space to fulfill the execution. Next we have discussed the ARP command along with the discussion of a MAC address packet. Moreover, in the next section we have discussed the network layer connectivity and router functionality. We have also put some light on routing protocols and their functions. Furthermore, in the last section, DNS query construction is discusses along with socket connections by incorporating HTTP, TCP/IP, UDP and ARP for opening the X stream web page on the home user browser.

Strategic Planning at the Chronicle Gazette Term Paper

Strategic Planning at the Chronicle Gazette - Term Paper Example Introduction The goal of this paper is therefore to provide succinct visions to the management of chronicle newspapers about the current states in newspaper industry and project the trends in the next decade. The report analyses the current states of newspaper publishing industry, problems facing newspaper publishing, causal factors and how they impact on the newspaper industry. In addition, the paper also defines external assessment and internal assessment to determine the reasons as to why there is rapid decline in the circulation and revenues and the counteractive measures and technologies to be embraced to toughen their market position. Furthermore the appropriate strategies to be adjusted by chronicle newspaper so to be able to handle the challenges and procedures involved to deal with the challenges. In the past years, The Chronicle Gazette has been the leading newspaper especially in the urban setting with over 200,000 customers. However, in the years, the newspaper sells has been reducing and this has greatly impacted negatively on the revenue of the newspaper. Indeed there is great need for the company to revise it business strategies so that it can survive in this competitive world. State of the newspaper publishing industry today Data on declining circulation and revenue The Chronicle Gazette is first-rate newspaper with over 200,000 customers and is the main newspaper read among the urbanites. In the recent years, newspaper subscription has been dwindling steadily and its estimated that, in the past eight years, subscription had declined by over 30% and advertising revenue by over 25%.Reduced advertising revenue has affected the daily operations of the newspaper industry for example maintenance of equipments and staff allowances. Status of newspaper leaders Financial problems in newspaper publishing industry have been swiftly declining advertising revenues and it’s estimated that from 2006, the revenue accrued from newspaper sell has been falling by over 40%. Trends in 2010 remained negative with less severe rate of revenue loss of over 6%. In reference to the released figures from Audit Bureau of Circulation, The Wall Street Journal tops all U.S newsp aper with over 3.5% incremental sum paid circulation in 2010. The journal continues to expand it circulation and it leads other newspapers by selling over two million newspapers a day. The main rival of jounal circulation the USA Today is in the second position having fallen by over400, 000 copies. In terms of online sites, over400, 000 paid digital readers have registered with wall street journal placing the journal at the top of paid online site four times or more than Detroit free which hold the second position. In spite of the setbacks, USA Today has benefited for having over 400,000 paid digital readers. The New York Times, the third placed Newspaper had over 10% fall in income revenue because of untargeted or poor advertisement methods which declined by nearly 6% in 2010. However, there was 11% rise in online advertisement which accounts to over15% of company revenue. Why newspapers are facing declining circulations and revenues There are many reasons why customer subscription and revenue has fallen. These can be Classified into two categories; External assessment Internal assessment External assessment This involves the assessment of factors outside the industry which impacts either positively or negatively to the operation and the accrued profit of the industry. They include Economic forces Social, cultural,

ACADEMIC WRITING Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ACADEMIC WRITING - Assignment Example Most of the best universities in the globe are either located in the United States of America or the United Kingdom. Both regions have higher education system that is rich and of greater quality. Research facilities are considered excellent. The countries possess a culture that promotes academic freedom and intellectualism. Despite a the number of similarities between the two countries, it takes a longer period of time to complete an undergraduate degree in the united states than in the united kingdom except in Scotland where a degree certificate is offered after 4 years of learning. A person with an undergraduate degree can move directly to a PHD in both systems, though it is common for a person to go through the master’s program in the United Kingdom before moving to the PHD. The United States system of education permit emphasizes on getting a range of knowledge from the various subjects that are different unlike in the United Kingdom that emphasized on depth and understandi ng of the subject of choice (Mahroum, 2010). Both regions experience differences in the structure of their education system. In the United Kingdom children have to attend primary and secondary education legally from the age of five to sixteen years. The system of education in the United Kingdom is divided into various key stages. The key stage one and two are done in the primary school from the age of 7 to 11 years whereas key stage three and four are offered in secondary school. Assessment is done at the end of each stage. The most essential assessment is carried out at the age of 16 years when learners sit for general certificate of secondary education (Plank, 2010). Once the students are through with their exams at this level, they may chose to further their education or move into the working world. The system in the United States of America is however different. Unlike the United Kingdom where

Decision To Downgrade The Yuan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decision To Downgrade The Yuan - Essay Example One key reason for the devaluation of the Yuan to which the Chinese government and other players agree on is the fact that China is now willing to make financial reforms. The International Monetary Fund has, in particular, applauded the decision to downgrade the Yuan. The move is seen by both sides as part of measures by China to open up their financial systems and hence allow foreign exchange institutions to have more control over the value of the Yuan. Although the United States has been demanding that China embraces financial reforms they have rubbished the move claiming that the Chinese government is only doubling down. The United States demands are based on their belief that China for years has been rigging the rules and played currency games that have left American workers to suffer. Additionally, policymakers in the United States have interpreted the move has a way of countering their trade agreements with China's rivals such as Japan in the Trans-Pacific Partnership. The deci sion to devalue the Yuan is part of currency manipulation games to gain an unfair trade advantage over the United States (Deng).One of the reasons that led to the downgrading of the Yuan according to China’s central bank is a way of shifting from an economy that depends on exports for growth to one that is based on consumer spending. The decision would further try to deflate the real estate market. Chinese policymakers were increasingly frustrated by the strategy of the export-dependent economy.

Concise scientific report on mobilisation and harvest of haemopoietic Research Paper

Concise scientific report on mobilisation and harvest of haemopoietic stem cells - Research Paper Example Transplantation of genetically identical marrow or the animals own stored marrow prevented death. These was applied by Thomas and his colleagues in 1959 in treatment of leukaemia in humans. Survival was also permitted by grafts from histo-compatible donors. In the early 1960s, allogeneic transplantation became feasible after the identification and typing of human leucocyte antigen (HLA). This work provided basis for the understanding hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematopoietic stem cells produce some daughter cells that retain stem cell properties. Primitive progenitors produce mature blood cells are continuously produced by less differentiated precursors which descend from the haematopoietic stem cells. In a lethally irradiated animal, a single stem cell can restore an entire lympho-hematopoietic system (Copelan, 2006). Since 2001, there has been an increase in the number of transplants occurring annually (Passweg, et al., 2014). However, when the histocompatibility antigens of the donor and the recipient are incompatible, there could be strong transplant reactions and the intensity increases with the multiple peptides generation from the degraded HLA molecules and in the presence of determinants on the HLA molecules that are recognisable on the cell surface of the cells presenting the antigen. When an immune response is stimulated, an injury referred to as graft-versus host disease (GVHD) occurs due to the preparative regimen used before transplantation causing injury (Copelan, 2006). Haematopoietic stem cell transplant is usually successful if there is a positive outcome. Many diseases are treated with either autologous or allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The type and stage of the disease, the age and functional level of the patient, the source of the stem cell to be transplanted and the degree of mismatch of HLA affect the outcome (Dainiak & Ricks, 2014). The autologous transplantation improves survival rather

Native American History Final Exam Questions Assignment

Native American History Final Exam Questions - Assignment Example Land was not purchased from the Indian tribes; laws were enacted forcing their movement to reservations. Treaties on the sale of goods were made to Hawaiians and ban on Hawaiian sugar sale lifted by America, but the Indians were not legally recognized resulting in no treaties in their treatment. The histories intertwine in the manner in which their culture, land, source and manner of livelihood, and forced cultural and political transformation. The divergence is in terms of the manner in which the treatment of the Native Hawaiians and Indians where laws against Indians were used and they were not legally recognized while the Native Hawaiians were legally recognized and politically and culturally transformed. By the end of the century, the Indians’ population had been considerably reduced (1500 million to 237,000 (Lewy, 2004) and resulted in the undertaking of American roles and education of their children, farming, and joining scouts, actors, and medicine men jobs to fend for themselves and overcome challenges in the reservations. Native Hawaiians faced economic and social decline, and its government had been overthrown by the United States and a government that did not extend voting to the Hawaiians established. Native experiences in WW II did not mirror that of other Americans owing to their different situation in reservation camps. Young men from the reservations were drafted to the war and others volunteered providing them a chance to access technical training, meet whites of diverse backgrounds, and were held in high esteem by others owing to the legend of tough Native American warrior. For once, they felt part of the American fabric and also they accessed the opportunity to access well-paying jobs owing to labor shortage during the war. The war opened the way for access to education, readjustment money, employment opportunities, and success by the native tribes

Concise scientific report on mobilisation and harvest of haemopoietic Research Paper

Concise scientific report on mobilisation and harvest of haemopoietic stem cells - Research Paper Example Transplantation of genetically identical marrow or the animals own stored marrow prevented death. These was applied by Thomas and his colleagues in 1959 in treatment of leukaemia in humans. Survival was also permitted by grafts from histo-compatible donors. In the early 1960s, allogeneic transplantation became feasible after the identification and typing of human leucocyte antigen (HLA). This work provided basis for the understanding hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematopoietic stem cells produce some daughter cells that retain stem cell properties. Primitive progenitors produce mature blood cells are continuously produced by less differentiated precursors which descend from the haematopoietic stem cells. In a lethally irradiated animal, a single stem cell can restore an entire lympho-hematopoietic system (Copelan, 2006). Since 2001, there has been an increase in the number of transplants occurring annually (Passweg, et al., 2014). However, when the histocompatibility antigens of the donor and the recipient are incompatible, there could be strong transplant reactions and the intensity increases with the multiple peptides generation from the degraded HLA molecules and in the presence of determinants on the HLA molecules that are recognisable on the cell surface of the cells presenting the antigen. When an immune response is stimulated, an injury referred to as graft-versus host disease (GVHD) occurs due to the preparative regimen used before transplantation causing injury (Copelan, 2006). Haematopoietic stem cell transplant is usually successful if there is a positive outcome. Many diseases are treated with either autologous or allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The type and stage of the disease, the age and functional level of the patient, the source of the stem cell to be transplanted and the degree of mismatch of HLA affect the outcome (Dainiak & Ricks, 2014). The autologous transplantation improves survival rather

Patient care in inadvertent hypothermia Assignment

Patient care in inadvertent hypothermia - Assignment Example Perioperative hypothermia had a potential for morbidity and mortality. The patients who had perioperative hypothermia had a chance for surgical site infections especially in patients with colorectal surgery (Hart et al, 2011). The guidelines of Surgical Care Improvement Project encouraged the decrease in incidence of this illness. Human beings required internal body temperatures to be constant for the multiple organs to function optimally. The situation changed when the patient entered the operation theatre. The temperatures of the operation rooms were kept below 230C. Almost all the surgeries required this temperature for maintenance of normothermia for the reason that the operation theatre staff found the temperature for normothermia slightly warm for work. This caused the maintenance of lower temperatures in the theatre. Actual heat loss was governed by room temperature as the temperature gradient determined the heat loss. Surgeons and other staff could not withstand the warmth be cause of the stress of surgery and the layers of clothing they wore and the lead aprons. Prevention of perspiration was essential to avoid the problem of sweat polluting the surgical site. Staff could generally become lethargic with the higher room temperature hindering their vigilance which was critical in the operation theatre. However patients commented about the cold room. Inadvertent hypothermia is the aspect of care that has been selected by this researcher for study. Information on the issue of hypothermia was gathered from review of literature beginning with the study by Hart et al (2011). The review of literature provided plenty of basic information that could help readers to understand this topic of management of inadvertent hypothermia better. This researcher has carefully selected articles most recently published from the Pubmed Central site. Analysis of current evidence base Perioperative hypothermia Perioperative hypothermia of below 360C was experienced by 20% of pati ents (Kurz, 2008). Anaesthesia rendered a patient devoid of many defensive mechanisms for becoming warmer in the instance of hypothermia. Behavioural modification was eliminated so that patients became colder. Thermoregulatory mechanisms did not function so unwarmed patients became hypothermic. Perioperative hypothermia produced adverse effects like elevated loss of blood during surgery, a higher rate by 20% of allogeneic transfusions and an increase of surgical site infections by three times (Hart et al, 2011). Prevention of hypothermia had guidelines instituted by the Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) for operative and post-operative patients. Perioperative normothermia was to be maintained by warming devices. Staff providing the warming support was to be knowledgeable about the mechanisms of temperature regulation, perioperative hypothermia and the methods to prevent or manage hypothermia. Temperature monitoring Temperature monitoring became an essential component of perio perative care. Oral temperature measurement was the best technique according to the American Society of Perianesthesia Nurses (ASPAN). The same method of measurement needed to be maintained throughout perianaesthesia (Hart et al, 2011). The temperature at the depth of the thoracic, abdominal and central nervous systems was the core temperature. It was more consistently controlled and was 2-40C higher than skin temperature. The measurement was made at the distal end of the oesophagus, from a bladder with good urine flow, the nasopharynx and the pulmonary artery in general anaesthesia patients. The core temperature was the most reliable indicator of the thermal status (Sessler, 2008). Near-core temperatures were taken from the axillary area, rectum, bladder with low urinary flow and

The Development of Ballads Essay Example for Free

The Development of Ballads Essay Ballads have been in evidence since the seventh century and have been popular ever since. They travelled around the globe as people emigrated, picking up stories of historical significance on the way. Their main purpose is to entertain, being sung or recited, often accompanied by music. Their distinctive poetic form told appealing tales of heroism, hardship and adventure often in dramatic terms. They were also a means of spreading news, to a largely illiterate population in an easily understood narrative way. Ballads follow a distinctive recipe, elements of which can be seen in all ballads. They use quatrains, which are four line stanzas. An example of this can be seen in the ballad, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner: The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followd free We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea In this verse you can see a regular A B C B rhyming scheme, which means that lines two and four rhyme with a bouncy rhythm. Ballads told simple stories to entertain audiences such as in The Twa Corbies where two ravens having a conversation. The ballads would build up to a climax where the main event of the story would happen. In the ballad Sir Patrick Spens we read lines like: Drinking the blood red wine And When the sky grew dark, the wind blew loud, And angry grew the sea This automatically suggests to the reader that there is a going to be a murder as it is setting the scene for one. It was vital that the balladeer maintained the interest of his audience by using dramatic yet simple imagery. He had to paint the scene in words to engage the imagination of the audience. The symbolic use of colour is used to create atmosphere. Red often symbolises blood or royalty, for example, the ballad Sir Patrick Spens reads: Drinking the blood red wine which creates tension and a thick atmosphere. White symbolises good so black obviously symbolises evil. In Johnie Armstrong it reads Goodly steeds were all milky white this tells us that all Johnie Armstrongs men rode white horses which helps to portray him and his men as the good guys. The audience would have recognised the inference of what the colours meant. Ballads told tales with simple themes, for example Johnie Armstrong tells a Robin Hood style story of an honest outlaw who is betrayed by a treacherous Scottish king. Other themes explored in ballads capture lives of adventure and hardship. Keeping things simple was important, as most of the listeners would have been peasants living in small communities often impoverished and with little way of escaping hard lives. Hearing tales of larger than life characters at least temporally diverted them from their own circumstances. Sometimes audience participation was encouraged for example in the Twa Corbies where the narrative breaks from third person to first person: The tane unto the tither did say, Whar sall we gang and dine the day? I imagine the scenario either where two or three balladeers working together took roles within a spoken or sung ballad or where one balladeer hopped between storyteller and actor. In either the audience may have been invited to supply lines making the ballads more of a lively improvised story. This would have been great fun moving the action from performer to the audience and back again. The characters depicted were bold but shallow leaving the audience with a two dimensional representation which told of what the characters did but not of how they felt. There was little attempt to flesh out any subtleties of characterisation. Action and events moved the story line not any depth in the characters. In the beginning of the border ballad Johnie Armstrong he is described as being a bold outlaw. We are told that he came from Westmerland, on the Scottish border. He came from poverty, had neither land or rent coming in and alot about what he possessed in terms of men, horses and weapon, but not much about him as a man. The ballad of Johnie Armstrong is a good example of a border ballad. A border ballad focused on the conflict between the Scottish and the English. The ballad is clearly written from an English viewpoint, describing Johnie as proud, brave and heroic. The words faire Westmerland are the first indication that this is written from an English perspective. The band own white horses (white symbolising good) and are described as being a goodly sight for to see. On the other hand, the Scottish king is portrayed as being deceitful and double crossing tricking Johnie and his men to their deaths. Another type of ballad is the broadside ballad. These were an early form of newspaper recording local events and news told in narrative form. What distinguished them was the fact that for the first time they were fixed in print and sold at fairs for a penny, becoming the earliest written ballads. Two examples of these are Mary Cummings and Charlotte Dymand, these poem were not really in the right period but in the right style. The ballad of Mary Cummings is the story of a crime of passion. It a sensational tale of love, abandonment, revenge and violent murder eventually finishing with the hanging of an unrepented jilted bride. It depicts a tragic heroine with the themes of love and death dramatically portrayed. The language is graphic: The mother slithered to the ground, The fathers eyes went white We are given the picture of the hopeful girl in her bridal gown on a spring morning that becomes the murderess cursing the groom and his parents. The line the pain in Marys Mind gives a clue that she is becoming deranged. The images are all of things fading: The sun that glittered down, the sun slid out of sight. The audience would have been able to grasp the cruel irony that the bridal gown is to become the shroud of death. Instead of a husband she is to meet the dark lover i. e. devil; she has renounced her religion. The whole ballad evokes a sense of the eagerness for marriage being replaced by an eagerness for death. As people travelled from place to place they took the basic ballad recipe with them as well as the ballads. Ballads can be found all over the word: Sir Patrick Spens is a traditional Scottish ballad; Young Hunting is an eighteenth centaury ballad, perhaps with earlier Danish parallels and Ballad of Sixty-Five is a traditional Jamaican ballad. This proves that ballads have travelled all over the globe, appealing to worldwide audiences for many centauries. The Ballad of Sixty-Five tells a story of historical significance to many Jamaicans; a group of slaves in Jamaica march to their governors house demanding there right and are eventually hanged to make a public spectacle. It had the opposite reaction making other slaves believe that they could stand up for themselves: Paul Boyle died but his spirit talked, Anywhere in Jamaica that freedom walks. The poem has examples of patois, which is native Jamaican dialect. You can wuk like a mule but de crop still bad It also has an A A B B rhyming scheme to it and a Calypso rhythum, which shows how the basic ballad recipe can be varied as it travelled. Ballads are an ancient form of communication; they have been around for centauries keeping almost the same recipe throughout. They told tales of historical importance as well as stories just to entertain. They have been popular ever since they begun and although they are not still in there original form we can see element derived from ballads in modern day song.

VOIP Technology to Make Voice Calls

VOIP Technology to Make Voice Calls Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Science Computer Networks Program Course Number CN8814 Course Title Network Mathematics and Simulations Semester/Year Summer 2015 Instructor Dr. Alagan Anpalagan Lab Assignment No Lab 2 Assignment Title QoS for VOIP Submission Date June 21,2015 Due Date June 21,2015 Student Name(s) Ishtiaq Ahmed Mohammad Shariful Ikram Student ID(s) 500666959 500543793 Signature(s) [emailprotected] [emailprotected] Table of Contents (Jump to) Objective Introduction Lab topology: Question 1: Question 2: Question 3: Question 4: Question 5: Question 6: Question 7: Conclusion   Objective In this lab, we have used VOIP technology to make voice calls. We have analyzed by implementing WFQ,CBWFQ and LLQ queuing techniques for improving the call quality. Introduction Quality of Service or QOS is used to increase the performance of voice application. End user can get voice call performance based on the QOS. It is a very critical implementation for voice over IP or VOIP based calls.QOS deals with reducing the delay and drop of packets compare with low priority traffic. If the delays are long, voice quality will be noisy and conversation will be very bad.QOS make sure the standard voice services by using existing resources. With this lab we have learned fragmentation with frame relay, traffic shaping techniques for improving the voice quality. In the first part of this lab, we will make voice call with FRF12 and analyze the voice quality. Then we will implement WFQ,CBWFQ and LLQ queuing techniques and will recognize suitable techniques for voice. In our network topology, router 7 is working as frame-relay switching. Router 1 and Router2 are connected with two telephones. Lab topology: Figure 1 Lab 2 topology We have configured VOIP peer between router 1 and router 2 with our lab instruction. 1. Configure voice over IP over Frame-Relay (FRF.12) and appropriate dial peers at Router 1 and Router 2 with the following information: Committed burst size (Bc) = 12000 bits Committed bit rate (CIR) = 64 kbps Frame relay fragment = 1500 bytes Voice codec: G.729 In this lab, we have used below information between router 1 and router 2: Following table shows initial configuration between router 1 and router 2: 2. Test your configuration by making a call between the two phones. Note the voice quality. With making a call between these phones, we have found voice quality is good. 3. Generate two ping traffic flows with 3000-byte packet size across PVC1. Make a voice call. Note that the voice quality deteriorates. To increase the traffic flow, we have changed the packets size 3000 byte by using extended ping command. After that we make call between our phones and gets distort voice because of delay and jitter. 4. Configure the frame-relay fragmentation and traffic shaping at the serial interfaces to improve the voice quality (the fragment delay is required to be less than 10 ms). To improve the voice quality, we have configured frame-relay fragmentation and traffic shaping between router 1 and router 2 serial interfaces: Question 1: How do you choose appropriate fragment size and committed burst size (Bc) to implement the frame-relay fragmentation and traffic shaping? Why the voice quality is improved after the configuration? In our lab requirements, fragment delay is less than 10 ms. So we have calculated the fragment size based on the following formula: Fragment size (Maximum): †¢ Fragment_size = (0.01 sec) * CIR = (0.01 sec) * 64 kbps = 80 bytes Parameters of Traffic Shapping: †¢ Burst size (Committed): Bc = 0.01 seconds * CIR = 640 bits After these configuration, we have made voice calls and have get better voice quality. Voice quality have improved because of smaller fragmentation. Question 2: Explain why FIFO queuing should not be used if fragmentation is configured. Fragmentation helps to break large data traffic into smaller data traffic. For this voice traffic gets priority and have served faster. In the FIFO technology, if any large data entered into the queue then in that time if any voice traffic comes, then it needs to be wait until large data traffic finishes. There is no way to prioritize the voice traffic in FIFO techniques. 5. Set IP precedence of the voice traffic to 5. Generate two ping traffic flows with 3000-byte packet size across PVC1. Make a voice call. Note the voice quality. In the type of service or TOS byte of Header, we have set IP precedence. IP precedence can identify class of services. Out of seven bits, left three digits are use in IP precedence. These values can be from zero to seven. Here larger number means higher priority. We have set IP precedence 5 and we make ping traffic with 3000 bytes in the PVC1.We have get voice quality good than the previous quality. Following table shows the configuration between router 1 and router 2: 6. Configure a RTP priority queue for voice traffic. Generate two ping traffic flows with 3000-byte packet size across PVC1. Make a voice call. Note the voice quality Following table shows the configuration between router 1 and router 2: We have generated two ping traffic between router 1 and router 2 with 3000 bytes packet size. After that we have test voice calls between our phones. We have get voice quality is good than previous. It has happened because 27 kbps bandwidth is reserve for voice packets and voice packets has no need to wait in the queue. Question 3: Determine the minimum bandwidth required for the RTP priority queue configuration. We have configured voice traffic with RTP priority queue. Our size of voice packet is 66 bytes. So the minimum requirement of bandwidth is 8*66/0.02 or 26,400 bps or 26.4 kbps. We have used G729 codec and voice payload size is 20 bytes. We set our lab bandwidth is 27 kbps. Question 4: Compare the voice qualities at Steps 4, 5, and 6, and explain the causes of quality differences. To compare voice qualities between steps 4,5, and 6, we have found voice quality is worst in step 4.It has happened for voice call and ping is ready at a time, all packets are transfer in the same queue. So lots of packet are drop because of more queuing delay. Voice traffic has high priority when we use IP precedence 5 in step 5.Our voice and data traffic still use the same bandwidth. Data traffic still transfer even voice traffic arrives. So ping traffic transfers and voice traffic waits. For this, voice quality is not good because there is no bandwidth reservation for voice traffic. In step 6,we have configured 27 kbps bandwidth in RTP priority queuing. This bandwidth is reserve for voice traffic. So voice packets always use this defined bandwidth and voice traffic has priority than ping traffic. So in this case, voice quality is better. 7. Configure three classes: VoIP, VoIP signaling, and default. Reserve bandwidth 25 kbps for VoIP class, and 8 kbps for VoIP signaling class, respectively. Do not assign priority queue to any class. Three different classes has been created in this case. They are assign with fix bandwidth. We have used access-lists for voice traffic classification. Following table shows configuration between router 1 and router 2. Question 5: Explain the differences and similarities between CBWFQ and WFQ. CBWFQ can utilize bandwidth effectively compare to WFQ. It is actually the extended version of WFQ. During the congestion period, CBWFQ can guarantee the minimum bandwidth. It will switch when it gets more bandwidth again. In the CBWFQ, we can define different classes and each different classes we can assign separate bandwidth. The differences and similarities between WFQ and CBWFQ are as follows: Similarities CBWFQ has default traffic class but if we do not define this class then CBWFQ and WFQ has no difference in queuing techniques. Differences Based on the user define classes ,CBWFQ can traffic queuing but WFQ cannot queue traffic. For the traffic flow, CBWFQ can make sure specific bandwidth for it but WFQ can not guarantee that. Network administrator can use CBWFQ more flexibly. They utilize this CBWFQ with different priorities for different types of traffic. Question 6: Based on the above configuration, what are the maximum and minimum bandwidths that are available for the default class? The maximum bandwidth that are available for the default class was 64 kbits/s Default class is use all available bandwidth like bandwidth = CIR = 64 kbit/s if there are no voice traffic Because if there is no voice or voice signaling traffic then the default class is use all available bandwidth (bandwidth = CIR = 64 kbit/s). The minimum bandwidth that are available for the default class is 31 kbit/s But if for voice or voice signaling flow, the reserving bandwidth will be 25 kbits/s and 8 kbit/s respectively. Other will be available for default class. So, minimum bandwidth available for default class is: 64kbps (25kbps + 8kbps) = 31 kbit/s We have generated two ping traffic through PVC1 and at the same time we do voice call. Our packet size is 3000 bytes. We have found same voice quality like step 6. 8. Establish a voice call between the two phones. At the same time, generate two ping traffic flows with 3000-byte packet size between the two routers. Note the voice quality. We have generated voice calls in our phones. At the same time between router 1 and router 2 we have generated 3000 byte ping traffic. We have found the acceptable voice quality. For voice traffic we have assign different class but there is no priority assign for this class. So, in the receiver end, both data and voice packets are receive similar way. So voice is not be clear because of delay introduce. 9. Configure a priority queue for VoIP class using LLQ. We have configured priority queue with LLQ. Following table shows the configuration: 10. Make a voice call between the two phones. Note the voice quality. After the configuration, we have make phone call with 3000 byte ping traffic in the same time. We found the improved voice quality. Question 7: Explain why the voice quality is improved after the priority configuration. Voice quality has improved for priority configuration. Previously we do not assign priority for different define classes of voice and voice signaling. So, voice quality is improved because of priority assigned. So for any ping traffic comes first it is served first. With the priority queue configuration, it has been resolved. So for any voice traffic arrival, it is use priority queue with allocated bandwidth. Conclusion In this lab, we have configured two routers and make phone call. We have observed the different call quality. Call quality depends on traffic flow. Traffic flows depends on different parameters like delay, jitter, loss of packets, etc. These hampers the quality of services. We have implemented three queuing discipline here like WFQ,CBWFQ,CBWFQ with LLQ. The objective of this lab is to analyze and improve the quality of voice service. We have found, the best voice quality when we have implemented different class for voice traffic and assign high priority value for voice traffic. Page | 1

All Quiet On The Western Front :: essays research papers

The novel All Quiet On The Western Front contains many incidents where the readers can hold characters responsible for their actions, however his novel in particular relates to the clash of values. Though fictional this novel by Erich Maria Remarque, presents vast detail through the conflicts at the Western Front. Corporal Himmelstoss a character in the novel is portrayed as a stereotypical military man, whose actions, when all's said and done, speaks for itself as the reader really does not question his iniquitous behaviour. However, apart from just the reader holding such characters morally accountable for their actions the novel concerns the rejection of traditional values, Paul’s disillusionment, and life opposed to death. Through such clashing of values, Remarque creates a confronting novel where the plot is for the most part articulated around values in conflict. The stereotypical stance of Corporal Himmelstoss, a military officer, is presented as a physically undersized man who wears a waxed moustache, which ideally supports the many defiant occasions where he disheartens the young soldiers. Throughout the novel where he is sent into the trenches we accept his role of breaking the spirits of the young soldiers. However, we understand why Paul and Albert Kropp take revenge beating him up. It is through these instances where the reader can almost understand a character through his right and wrong actions. Remarque’s inclusion of such scenes in the novel acts out the bitter anger and disillusionment of the young soldiers. The constant close companion of death besides Paul and his friends provides such clashing of values. Throughout the novel Paul never really recalls their opponents, the allies, as enemies. We also hardly see the other side other than the time where they took on the French militia; infact it would be appropriate to conclude that their real enemy in the war was the enemy Death. Every soldier in the war wasn’t innocently fighting for his country in an attempt to win, soldiers were fighting in order to survive death – it is only the fact that chance and luck kept them going. Paul and his friends could not comprehend that World War One was simply fought due to some document signed by each side’s respective leaders. These events allow readers to follow through that novel above all was concerned with values of life against death, and peace against war. Perhaps Remarque’s intended theme at the

Management Policy & Strategy Essay

Management Policy and Strategies course was very interesting and at the same time important for my career goal. I really wasn’t sure what I was going into when I signed up for this course, however I was able to learn much from it, thanks to Professor Dennis Strouble and all of my wonderful classmates. The position that I hold currently at my place of employment is Program Coordinator, however the duties that I am responsible for fall under a manager’s position, therefore I am able to bring information that I have learned in this class to my work place. SWOT analysis section of this course was also very interesting. Even though I had heard of the SWOT analysis before, I really didn’t pay too much mind to it, but now that I took this course I am more knowledgeable about it. Because I can implement SWOT analysis into not only at my workplace but in my personal life, as well, therefore I consider it very important to know. SWOT stands for: Strengths, Weaknesses, Oppo rtunities, and Threats. Knowing this information and the meaning to it will make me able to input analysis into what I currently do now and in the future. Performing internal and external analysis is an important factor to when managing a business or even a department. Since job plays a manager role, I will be able to perform duties and really look at the department policies and tasks processes and analyze the internal and external areas within the program organization. I deal with low-income families, monthly and quarterly reporting, day-to-day administration, finance, etc. and learning everything I learned in this course will make a positive input to the program, to the organization and most importantly to the federal fund institution that is funding our program. Understanding implementation is an important key to my job. Implementing new ideas and processes is part of my job daily. Therefore, with all the information that I learned which I have not mentioned all, these are some i mportant factors that I will be able to utilize in the business that I am currently in moving forward. Having a professor that actually cares and enjoys teaching (and does a great job at it) really helped me understand the material. I do appreciate the time and effort that you have provided for my classmates and me.

Communication with Children Essay

In every aspect of life, at work and at home, our communication with those people around us influences and underpins our relationships with them, so developing positive attitudes and communication is essential to develop positive relationships. Getting to know people and showing interest in them and what they have to say is important to building respectful relationships. Remembering names, listening to what people have to say, being considerate of people and their views, all add up to positive relationship building. We work with adults where effective communication and trust will ensure the safety and well-being of the children we are caring for. It is essential that any information regarding any child is passed to the correct person especially if there is any cause for concern. Communication with an adult may be verbal only, but if there is a genuine concern for an aspect of learning or social or personal safety of a child, it will be backed up by written evidence. Discussions with our peers are important to build relationships of respect and trust. A teacher may have concerns about a child and might discuss this with her teaching assistant who may back up her concerns with her own observations. Being friendly and approachable will help encourage communication with children, young people and adults and always acting with honesty and fairness will develop positive relationships and respect. Communicating with your peers at work is likely to be quite different to how you would communicate with them in a social situation. Whilst at work it is important to be professional, however that doesn’t mean you can’t have a sense of humour! Quite often the person you need to speak to isn’t available so it may be that you will have to leave them a note, either in their pigeon hole or on their desk, and then it can be discussed in more detail when you are both available. We communicate in many different ways to many different people at work, we communicate with teachers about the children and what different resources are needed in the classroom, we communicate with parents  sensitively about their children, we communicate with the office staff regarding stationary supplies and resources, we communicate with the kitchen staff regarding lunch and the caretaker regarding repairs that we may have observed that need attending to or some other instructions. All these communications are important to get the best results and each may be approached differently. It is important to understand the correct approach to ensure the most positive outcome in each situation. Cultural differences may affect communication as misunderstandings can occur so it is important that when communicating with people from different cultural backgrounds you make yourself understood and be respectful of their culture. When communicating with children it must be remembered that children do not have the same understanding as adults and will take everything as it is said and will not interpret signals or things unsaid or assumed. Not all children will understand humour, although some will, so it is important to speak clearly to children and maybe repeat what you have said. It is also a good idea to ask them to repeat back to you what you have said if it is important that they have understood you, this way there will be no room for confusion. Also, get down to their level; they will feel more comfortable talking to you and not so intimidated. The age of a child is important to take into consideration. Very young children may not respond to humour as they may not understand. However an older child may respond positively to humour as it can relax them. Always adapt your language to the age of the child and speak clearly. The context of the communication may hugely influence how you might communicate. If the child has done something well or positive, just a big smile and thumbs up from across the classroom can communicate very effectively. Equally, a disapproving look and firm shake of the head may communicate across a classroom when a child has done something wrong. Tone of voice is important to portray your communication too. If what you are telling them is serious it must be delivered with a serious voice, equally praise should be delivered with an excited and happy tone and expression. In  general communication with children, they respond best to happy, excitable voices, so unless the message is serious, that is the tone I think is best to stick with! When communicating with children there are other things that may have to be taken into consideration. It may be that English is not their first language so extra care will be needed to ensure they have understood you. The child may have a sensory impairment, so you may have to speak facing them, slowly and clearly and using your hands where able. The child may have a speech, language or communication impairment so again you would have to speak to them in much the same way, speaking clearly and slowly and repeating instructions and asking them to repeat back to you so that you know they have understood instructions. Their cognitive abilities may be poor so you may have to adapt your communication to take into account their concentration span and focus or coordination. Also, if a child is sad you must be sensitive to that and be reassuring and comforting. A child may be agitated or angry and then you must be calming. If a child has cultural differences those differences must be taken into account and treated respectfully. Communication with adults may include body language and gestures that may go unobserved by children. Adults will also interpret nuances in tone of voice that children may not pick up on. Therefore it is more important to explain exactly what you are saying to children. You may not have to be as direct with adults. When managing disagreements with children it is important that the child believes he/she is being listened to and treated fairly. When I’m dealing with playground disputes I always listen to both sides of the story and get the whole picture. We then talk it through and decide what would have been a better way of dealing with their conflict and either or both apologises and we have a clean slate and fresh start. When dealing with disagreements between young people a similar approach can be taken but with a higher language level. Disputes may arise at work where  adults have differing opinions; it is important to listen to an alternative point of view and consider where there is common ground. Talking things through thoroughly and being open to an alternative approach is vital. If there is total disagreement and no solution can be found then a manager or head teacher will have to be involved.

The Incident

This happened to me last weekend . I am bored at that day . I was sitting outside my house alone because all of my friends were out of town . I was getting bored so I decided to ride my bike out to nearby garden . When I got there , I saw nobody over there and I started feel curious at this moment . I sit on a meadow . 1 try to make myself more relax and take a nap . Suddenly , I heard roar of thunder and the sky started become bad weather ahead . Dark , smoky clouds threatened rain , It's rain cats and dogs . I try to run back to my house . When I stood alone outside my house .I saw a stranger woman in front of me . The woman face had heavily done up . The woman body like overweight . The woman hastily asked question to me . † Dampen do you have a umbrella † When he called my name , my brain was stun a few second . Eve been beating my brains out trying to think who Is she . My brain keep dodge out a lot of question mark . â€Å"Who are you ? Am I knew you ? Why you knew my name and I never seen you before. The woman angrily red face stared at me . When she stared at me , I feel afraid at that moment . The woman said : â€Å"l am your old classmate In secondary school I I am Joey !When she said â€Å"Joey † my brain flash to secondary school the girls who absolutely beautiful in the class . â€Å"L remembered you , Joey . How are you recently ? † â€Å"I'm fine , thank you . You look handsome Dampen . What are you doing after graduated at secondary school ? † â€Å"Thank you , Joey . I am still starting my new life and continue my certificate at university . How about you ? I heard from my friends you started looking Job at outside . Why don't you continue study at university ? I heard my friends you get result with flying colors † ‘Yup , I was looking job recently .My family income pretty bad so I have to save â€Å"Joey hope you dream come true . I heard from my classmate your father was not so well . Did you b ring him to clinic ? ‘ ‘Yes , I brought my father to clinic last week . My father get diabetes and high blood pressure and he still waiting his body check report . I still worries my father. â€Å"Joey , Don't worries everything goanna be alright your father no sick anymore will as right as rain . Do you want to take lunch at cafe ? ‘†II be there later . â€Å"Okay , let's go together . When we get there , before we go in the cafe . The scene of the accidents will never roger in my mind .The motorcyclist was following behind was taxi very closely . He was so impatient that he was trying to overtake the taxi even near a sharp bend . At that moment , there was an oncoming car . The taxi driver swerved to the roadside and I got a terrible Jolt . It was too late for the motorcyclist to avoid and dodge the car . The motorcycle ran against the bumper of the car and I heard a sound like † bang ! And the motorcycle smashed its windscreen . Joey and I freaked at that moment . After that , the motorcyclist somersaulted over the car and was found lying in a pool of blood .The driver , who was cut by the flying glass , was in a state of shock . All that happened in split second and fear overwhelmed us . Joey ask me to walk quickly over there to help them. â€Å"Dampen , let's go the motorcyclist need our helped ! ‘ I yelled around people to help them . â€Å"Help ! Help ! Help! † some people ran over here and help them. The taxi driver stopped his taxi and I quickly ran to the nearest telephone to inform the police and the hospital . When I ran backed the accident I saw a pool of blood and my heart pump started increase . I saw the motorcyclist his hand was broken arm and his face like feel exhausted .

What is community organizing what do community organzers do Essay

What is community organizing what do community organzers do - Essay Example This was the start of Alinsky’s endeavor into community organizing as we know it today. Later on, he became the catalyst for other community organizations that involved large African-American communities in the ensuing decades. The extent of the people’s participation was greatly exemplified through his initiative which became the guiding rule for community organizing. The term community organizing itself came from the budding growth of social activism which ignited in the United States after the Second World War It consists of a membership organization which usually includes churches, labor unions, individuals and so on. They then as a whole engage in a consensual campaign which aims to promote particular concerns such as that of health, education, environment etc. the triumph of these organizations include proofs that can be seen in federal actions taken towards the implementation of their causes which includes as a great example the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which was a program of the Great Society. This was a feat unto itself which propelled the country into being what it is at the present time in history and how it views its population. Alinsky’s Industrial Areas Foundation (IAS) is among the roster of these early community organizations. His model for community organizing became the basis for alternatives to ease racial tension and consequent riots. Communities took it upon themselves to call IAS and help them with the conflicts that are taking place in their territories. Alinsky was also known for satirically accusing Eastman Kodak of the contribution to race relation in creating the colored film (Sen, p.45). 1. The organizer and community leader’s role is to reflect a distinct organizational model with local volunteer leaders and professional staff. Behind the scenes, the organizer works to recruit, coordinate, take notes, research and ‘buy donuts.’ In its most basic form, the leader builds power to attain his

Martha Rogers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Martha Rogers - Research Paper Example Delegation becomes necessary to obtain protected outcomes which become possible if the registered nurses can delegate their roles to unlicensed assistant personnel who are capable of providing healthcare directly to the patients. In the process, the registered nurses can retain their accountability as well. However, although the needs and benefits of delegation are studied and known to certain extents, their implementation in actual healthcare is still found to be limited (Anthony and Vidal, 2010). Delegation of responsibility can be achieved safely if the tasks are performed with proper planning and dedication. If the delegation proves to be a failure, then the registered nurses get accountable for any negative outcome on the patient. Thus communication and providing the right direction is highly essential while delegating responsibilities in nursing. Moreover such information needs to be updated followed by continuous evaluation in order to reduce the complexities in the nursing wo rk environments. Another significant factor is the relationship between the registered nurses and the personnel to whom the tasks are delegated. Harmonization, teamwork and mutual aid are extremely essential in order to provide safe delivery of healthcare to the patients (Anthony and Vidal, 2010). ... However the registered nurse has to constantly supervise the tasks even after delegation to achieve improved patient outcomes, as she remains responsible for such outcomes and patient satisfaction. The process and skills of delegation not being easy are in need for proper training and facilities in order to be successful on patient safety (Ruff, 2011). Martha E. Rogers, who was an American nurse, had served her life on nursing, and wrote many papers where she focused on improving the work of nursing in better work environments to improve lives of patients. She, through her writings and journals, presented a nurse as a unitary human being. Resonancy, helicy and integrality are the three concepts that she focused on explain the relation and communication of human beings with their environments. Thus the working environment was considered as highly important for nursing, by Rogers. Her theory was named as the Science of Unitary Human Beings (SUHB) that was primarily developed to motivat e the existing theories of nursing (Meleis, 2011). Nursing was thus given particular attention by Martha Rogers in regard to the role that nurses have to play in the healthcare environment and the responsibilities that they have to focus on for patient safety and satisfaction. This is important in developing the right path for nursing delegation as well in healthcare. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the above study that the concept of nursing delegation has been in existence since a long time. However the need and importance of delegation has been realized more in the present day healthcare with the healthcare systems and working environments for nurses becoming more and more complex. The nurses having a large number of responsibilities together in

The growth of anti-capitalism in the world Research Paper

The growth of anti-capitalism in the world - Research Paper Example nti-capitalism are differentiated in countries worldwide, as explained below, it is necessary for the relevant plans to be appropriately aligned with the local culture and rules. 2. Anti-capitalism in the international community 2.1 The context of anti-capitalism Anti-capitalism is a movement trying to confront the development of capitalism, as the specific concept was described by theorists and economists worldwide. In this way, in order to identify the elements of anti-capitalism, it would be necessary to understand the characteristics and the role of capitalism. In accordance with Fabra (1993) capitalism can be defined as ‘the system enabling man to regain the full value of the product of his labor’ (Fabra 1993, 139); the above explanation is based on the terms that capital is considered as ‘the accumulated product of labor’ (Fabra 1993, 140). As explained above, capitalism leads to a series of practices for accumulating the wealth – the one spent for acquiring the product. However, the practical implications of this process are many. For this reason, capitalism has been negatively criticized, as of its involvement in the development of social inequalities. This fact is made clear in the theory of Marx, who supported that as capitalism grows, the purchasing power of laborers is reduced (Fabra 1993, 23); the increase of unemployment is, in accordance with Marx, another implication of capitalism which, in any case, is considered as quite difficult to be controlled. Currently, it seems that the above efforts towards the limitation of capitalism have been fully justified. The high increase of the power of multinational corporations has led to their independency towards the governments; in this way, the rules of trade internationally have been negatively...Anti-capitalism is a movement trying to confront the development of capitalism, as the specific concept was described by theorists and economists worldwide. In this way, in orde r to identify the elements of anti-capitalism, it would be necessary to understand the characteristics and the role of capitalism. In accordance with Fabra (1993) capitalism can be defined as ‘the system enabling man to regain the full value of the product of his labor’ (Fabra 1993, 139); the above explanation is based on the terms that capital is considered as ‘the accumulated product of labor’ (Fabra 1993, 140). As explained above, capitalism leads to a series of practices for accumulating the wealth – the one spent for acquiring the product. However, the practical implications of this process are many. For this reason, capitalism has been negatively criticized, as of its involvement in the development of social inequalities. This fact is made clear in the theory of Marx, who supported that as capitalism grows, the purchasing power of laborers is reduced (Fabra 1993, 23); the increase of unemployment is, in accordance with Marx, another implication of capitalism which, in any case, is considered as quite difficult to be controlled. Currently, it seems that the above efforts towards the limitation of capitalism have been fully justified. The high increase of the power of multinational corporations has led to their independency towards the governments; in this way, the rules of trade internationally have been negatively affected and competition, inevitably, has been harmed.