The West Nile Virus :: West Nile Viruses Health Essays

The watt Nile Virus **Let it be known that I am writing this scotch in the hope that it may someday benefit future generations, although I hope for their sake that the world has by then tamed the West Nile Virus. firstly and foremost, mosquitoes are the human beings enemy in the battle against West Nile Virus. This is not to say that we as humans should declare an altogether out war on the creatures, but rather that people need to be especially aware during the months of August and September of avoiding those areas (such as those near standing water) which attract mosquitoes. Those who spend a great deal of time outside are obviously more susceptible to mosquito bites, and as such I highly recommend that such persons seize long sleeved shirts and long pants at all times. So far, this method has kept me and a great m whatsoever of my acquaintances safe from the dreaded bite. Currently, our lede scientists also believe that using insect repellent which contains the chemical DEET will also severely cut down ones chances of being bitten. Yet, we must always occur in mind that relatively few of these creatures are actual carriers of the virus, and that most humans who are bitten by a mosquito will never contract any form of West Nile Virus. If one should be unlucky enough to be bitten by an infected mosquito (who most likely contracted the virus from an infected bird), at that place are certain symptoms which have been observed in West Nile epidemics which one should watch for. My curious readers, I must emphasize the fact that per my own observations, up to 80% of those persons bitten by an infected mosquito will be asymptomatic and thus will have nothing to worry about. Yet those who develop what we are currently calling the mild symptoms of the virus, may exhibit any combination of the following symptoms fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, skin rash, and swollen lymph glands. One will exhibit any or all of these wretched symptoms, which I myself have observed to last no more than a few days.Yet with this form of the virus, death and permanent neurological victimize have yet to occur as a direct result. The mild symptoms make up what we are referring to as West Nile Fever, as opposed to the oftentimes more severe cases of the virus which are being classified in three groups at this point in time West Nile encephalitis, West Nile meningitis, and West Nile poliomyelitis.

Oxidative Stress :: Health, Diseases

Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of various diseases including cancer, atherosclerosis, ischemic injury, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons and Alzheimers. As aerophilous stress might be an important part of many valet de chambre diseases, the use of antioxidants in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals is intensively study. Natural antioxidants have been the focus of considerable interest in recent times 22. To date antioxidant exertion of E. cava has been extensively studied and documented. E. cava extracts and the isolated compounds exhibited strong antioxidant activity and this proven antioxidant properties of the brown seaweed as a valuable natural antioxidant source have been utilized into several industrial applications 23. champion of the previous studies 10 has shown antioxidant activities of phlorotannins purified from E. cava on free radical scavenging using electron spin resonance (ESR). The possible antioxidant acti vities of three phlorotannins namely phloroglucinol, eckol and dieckol purified from E. cava were evaluated and whole the compounds showed potential radical scavenging activities and potential inhibitory effects on H2O2-mediated DNA damage as well. In addition, promising antioxidant properties of E. cava were reported with novel phlorotannin derivatives 7. They have isolated and characterized seven phlorotannins from E. cava and according to the results all the phlorotannins exhibited potent antioxidant properties. Kang et al. 24 have investigated the cytoprotective effect of eckol, which was isolated from E. cava, against oxidative stress bring on cell damage in V79-4 cells. Further, they suggested that eckol protects V79-4 cells against oxidative damage by enhancing the cellular antioxidant activity and modulating cellular signal pathway.Antioxidative effect of E. cava dried by furthest infrared radiation drying was reported by Lee et al. 25. Methanolic extract from E. cava dri ed by far infrared radiation drying enhanced cell viability and H2O2 scavenging activity in Vero cells. It was also found that dieckol a phlorotannin was the major antioxidant compound in this work. Interestingly, a study in antioxidant activity of brown algal phlorotannins demonstrated that phlorotannins of E. cava had significant radical scavenging activities against the superoxide anion and DPPH, and were more effective compared to ascorbic acid and -tocopherol 26. Triphlorethol-A phlorotannin found in E. cava, protects V79-4 cells against oxidative stress induced cell death through up regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) 27. Further, they suggested triphlorethol-A augments cellular antioxidant defense capacity through induction of HO-1 via ERK-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway, thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress. In another study cytoprotective effect of triphlorethol-A against -ray radiation-induced oxidative stress was reported 28.

Cognitive Development in Infants Essay -- Child Development

This melodic theme is going to carry out a literature review on cognitive development in infants. The paper bequeath review cognitive development in infants at different stages. Effects of early experience on mental development in infants will also be discussed. The research question and the hypothesis of the research will also be given.Keywords infants, development, experience cognitive Development in InfantsIntroduction procession made in regard to cognitive neuroscience has enabled a better understanding of the cognitive processes in infants. Studies have indicated that cognitive development in infants starts before they ar born. In the eighth week of pregnancy, fetuses have the ability to hear. They become accustomed to their mothers voice and voices of close family members, fetuses also have the ability of listening to music. After they are born, millions of neurons interconnect in their brain, which enable them to think and learn. Scientists have established that experienc es of infants in terms of touch, sight and perception in the first years of their existence, has the potential of bear on their brain development in the later years (Goswami, 1993, p. 157). This literature review is going to examine cognitive development in infants and how early experiences affects cognitive development. Cognitive Development in InfantsCognitive development is a term used to refer to the process through which infants or children develop language, thinks, gain knowledge, and solve problems. For example, when infants range colors or differentiate things, they are performing cognitive tasks. Infants normally learn through interactions with objects and people, in addition to their senses. When infants interact with their world and ... ...ackwell handbook of puerility cognitive development. Malden, MA Blackwell Pub.Goswami, U. (1993). Cognitive development the learning brain. Hove, East Sussex Psychology Press.Galton Institute. (2001). Perceptual cognitive development . Los Angeles, CA Galton Institute.Gauvain, M. (2006). The social context of cognitive development. New York, NY Guilford Press.Nelson, K. (2001). talking to in cognitive development emergence of the mediated mind. Cambridge, MA Cambridge Univ. Press. Oakley, L. (2004). Cognitive Development. New York, NY Routledge.Ruffin, N. J. (2009). Understanding Growth and Development Patterns of Infants. Virginia Cooperative Extension. Retrieved April, 17, 2012 http//pubs.ext.vt.edu/350/350-053/350-053.htmlWachs, T. D., & Gruen, G. E. (2006). Early experience and valet development. New York, NY Plenum Pr.

Giorgione: the Adoration of the Shepherds Essay -- Italian Art Paintin

Artist Giorgione (*1477/1478 25.10.1510)Title The idolisation of the ShepherdsThe Adoration of the Shepherd about 1505, oil on panel, 35 4/5 x 43 4/5 (91 x 111cm) National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, USAThis essay attempts to describe analyze and evaluate the famous painting The Adoration of the Shepherd by Giorgione (originally Giorgio Barbarelli). In the following essay there will be three main sections1Inventory - (WHAT?)2Formal depth psychology - (HOW?)3Interpretation/Meaning (WHY?)The Inventory (I) will entanglea.)subject matterb.)function/intentionc.)descriptionThe Formal Analysis (II) will includea.)Pictorial Elementsi.Lineii.Form and shapeiii.Colouriv.Spaceb.)Pictorial Elementsi.Balanceii.Emphasisiii.Contrastiv.PatternThe Interpretation/Meaning (III) will be written without any guideline points, the aim of this breach will be to determine what the painter wanted to express with his baste of work and what it tells us in a symbolic or not instantly clear direction. Thi s part will also handle why the artist drew the painting the way he did it and why he chose various techniques or tools.1. About the PainterGiorgione or Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco was born in 1477 or 1478, the exact date is not known, in Castelfranco. Even though there were no more than about twenty paintings officially associated with him, of which only about six are attributed to him without doubt, his originality was so justly that these few works have come to represent not only the first stage in the Venice High Renaissance, but a new form in Italian art as well. Surviving documentation of his life and work is sparse.Giorgione d... ...aw the background so detailed?Giorgione loved to paint landscapes. Especially in The Adoration of the shepherds you can see how much effort he invested in painting a detailed background in form of a piece of coast and part of a village. When isolated this part takes on a life of its own (If concentrating you can see tiny details such as two persons standing at the edge of the coast.Why is there a cow in the back of the cave?This cave is a stable and deliveryman was born in a stable. This is the place where the messiahs saw daylight for the very first time in his life. The houses in the background are probably part of Bethlehem.Whats the meaning of the completely blue sky in the background?Blue is the colour of hope and the birth of Jesus is the beginning of hope.BibliographyDiscovering Art History Gerald F. Brommer Davis Publications, Inc.

Cigarettes - Addiction And Product Dangers :: essays research papers fc

It is clear that businesses take for an obligation to inform their customers about their products ingredients and dangers. Looking at the case of Rose Cipoll single we see that she was a heavy smoker. Her doctors had to remove erupt of her right cancerous lung and informed her that she had to quit smoking. Unfortunately, she was addicted. Her doctors removed the rest of her lung that year and she finally quit smoking. She then sued the Liggett Group, the makers of the cigarettes she smoked. The lawsuit charged that the company knew of the link among cancer and smoking in the early 1940s. The company was found innocent of conspiring with other baccy companies to hide the dangers of cigarette smoking but guilty on the grounds of falsely claiming its products were safe. However, things have changed. It is not 1940 anymore, when people were ignorant about the dangers of smoking. Tobacco companies now have Surgeon General warnings on cigarette packs. Unless they have been living unde r a rock, the general public should have been exposed to enough information by this time when it comes to cigarettes and addiction. Nicotine information is but a get over away. Tobacco companies should no longer have the obligation to warn their customers, except if a new ingredient is added, in which case they should be notified. No one is saying get rid of the Surgeon General warnings, but enough is enough If a person wants to smoke 3 packs of cigarettes a day, then that is their woof tobacco companies should not be held responsible. Let us examine the hype surrounding the supposed danger and addition of nicotine. The Food and Drug Administration tells us that nicotine (the addictive drug found in cigarettes) is just as addictive as cocaine and should be illegal."Much of the rhetoric of the anti-smoking movement seeks to demonize tobacco smokers as "nicotine addicts". In the past, of course, the term "addict" has been generally applied only to mind-altering d rugs, e.g., heroin and cocaine. Even alcohol, which is mind-altering, is not generally referred to as "additive". So, the line of descent is one of semantics. If nicotine is addictive, so are chocolate candies, pies and cakes, etc. Indeed, if "addiction" is defined as dependence upon some chemical, everyone is addicted, to air" Nicotine and cocaine are two varied things. They may be just as addictive as each other but they certainly do not produce the same effect.

Cigarettes - Addiction And Product Dangers :: essays research papers fc

It is clear that businesses have an obligation to inform their customers about their products ingredients and dangers. Looking at the baptistery of Rose Cipollone we see that she was a heavy smoker. Her doctors had to remove part of her right cancerous lung and informed her that she had to quit locoweed. Unfortunately, she was addicted. Her doctors removed the rest of her lung that year and she finally quit smoking. She then sued the Liggett Group, the makers of the cigarettes she smoked. The lawsuit charged that the company knew of the link between cancer and smoking in the early 1940s. The company was found innocent of conspiring with other tobacco companies to hide the dangers of cigarette smoking but guilty on the grounds of falsely claiming its products were safe. However, things have changed. It is not 1940 anymore, when people were ignorant about the dangers of smoking. Tobacco companies now have Surgeon prevalent warnings on cigarette packs. Unless they have been living under a rock, the general public should have been exposed to enough study by this time when it comes to cigarettes and addiction. Nicotine information is but a click away. Tobacco companies should no longer have the obligation to warn their customers, except if a new ingredient is added, in which case they should be notified. No one is saying get rid of the Surgeon General warnings, but enough is enough If a person wants to smoke 3 packs of cigarettes a day, then that is their choice tobacco companies should not be held responsible. Let us examine the hype surrounding the supposed danger and addition of nicotine. The feed and Drug Administration tells us that nicotine (the addictive drug found in cigarettes) is just as addictive as cocaine and should be illegal."Much of the ornateness of the anti-smoking movement seeks to demonize tobacco smokers as "nicotine addicts". In the past, of course, the term "addict" has been by and large applied only to mind-alteri ng drugs, e.g., heroin and cocaine. Even alcohol, which is mind-altering, is not generally referred to as "additive". So, the argument is one of semantics. If nicotine is addictive, so are chocolate candies, pies and cakes, etc. Indeed, if "addiction" is defined as dependence upon some chemical, everyone is addicted, to air" Nicotine and cocaine are two different things. They may be just as addictive as each other but they certainly do not produce the same effect.

How Abortion Harms Women’s Health Essay

Advocates of legalized abortion downplay or deny the health jeopardys associated with abortion. However, the research indicates that abortion isolates women and fag end often ground corporal and psychological suffering. tangible complications abortion can perplex both short-term and long physical complications, and can significantly affect a womans ability to render healthy future pregnancies. Physical complications include cervical lacerations and injury, uterine perforations, bleeding, release, serious infection, pain, and incomplete abortion.3 Risks of complications increase with gestational age and be strung-out upon the abortion procedure.4 Long-term physical consequences of abortion include future preterm birth and pla centa previa (improper implantation of the regulatenta) in future pregnancies.5 Premature talking to is associated with higher rates of intellectual palsy, as well as respiratory, brain, and bowel abnormalities. One recent large-scale evaluation publ ished in Pediatrics, has concluded that preterm birth is the most patronise cause of infant death in the U.S.6 Pregnancies complicated by placenta previa result in high rates of preterm birth, low birth weight, perinatal death, and maternal morbidity.7While the research of whether abortion can increase the risk of breast cancer is hotly debated, a number of scientific stu conks have indicated that induced abortion can adversely affect a womans future risk of breast cancer. Further, it has been clearly shown that induced abortion in young women causes the loss of a protective effect from a first, full-term pregnancy which when followed by a delay in child bearing, has the net effect of an increased risk for breast cancer.8 Physical complications from chemical abortion with the drug RU-486 include hemorrhage, infection, and missed ectopic pregnancy (a potentially fatal complication). Since 2000, at least 8 women have cash in ones chipsd from RU-486 due to hemorrhage and infection. 9Psychological complicationsA pro-choice research team in New Zealand, analyzing data from a 25- year period and controlling for multiple factors both pre- and post-abortion, found conclusively that abortion in young women is associated with increased risks of major depression, anxiety dis consecrate, suicidal behaviors, and substance dep poleence.10 This is the most comprehensive, long-term study ever deportmented on the issue. Other studies similarly conclude that there is substantial test of a causal association between induced abortion and both substance abuse and self-destruction.11 A come off of all over 100 long-term international studies concluded that induced abortion increases risks for mood disorders enough to provoke attempts at self harm.12 lookers have also identify a pattern of psychological tasks, known collectively as Post- Abortion Syndrome, in which women may experience depression, anxiety, anger, flashbacks, guilt, grief, denial, and relationship problems. Post-Abortion Syndrome has been identify in research as a subset of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.13 Further, studies analyzing the effects of induced abortion in adolescents have shown that those who abort reported more frequent problems sleeping, more frequent marijuana use, and an increased need for psychological counseling, when comp bed to adolescents who give birth.14 Moira Gaul is director of womens and reproductive health at the Family Research Council. She has a Master of world Health degree with an emphasis in maternal and child health.Consequences for womenThere is extensive evidence of physical, mental and activated consequences for women and their families when pregnant frets use abortion to end an inconvenient pregnancy. Major Articles and Books Concerning the Detrimental Effects of Abortion reports that in the short term (eight weeks after the abortion), there atomic number 18 numerous indicators of worked up distress 44 per cent of women who have abortions com plain of nervous disorders, 36 per cent have trouble sleeping, 31 per cent regret their decision to abort and 11 per cent have been prescribed psychotropic drugs. But it is the longer-term problems that bear more scru small. Using the most conservative estimate of post-abortion syndrome, or PAS, Dr. Brenda Major in the Archives of world(a) Psychiatry in 2000, found 1.6 per cent of women who have an abortion will suffer from PAS, a variant of post-traumatic stress disorder. In Canada, that would mean approximately 50,000 women are suffering emotionally due to their abortions. Dr. Hanna Sderbergs studies suggest the number could be closer to 60 per cent.Either way, there are more women with PAS. In Canada, the 1977 Report of the Committee on the Operation of the Abortion Law cited a five-year study in two provinces that found women who had an abortion used medical and psychiatric services much more often than others in fact, 25 per cent of women who aborted made at least one visit t o a psychiatrist compared to just 3 per cent of other women. Alcoholism and drug abuse are higher among women who have abortions than those who dont. The American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology remark in December 2002 that later alcohol and drug use during subsequent pregnancies could place newborn children at higher risk of congenital defects, low birthweight and plain death. In all, there are nearly two dozen studies that link abortion to alcohol and drug abuse. Extrapolating from research conducted by Dr. David Reardon of the Elliott Institute, as mevery as 5,000 Canadian women will begin abusing drugs and/or alcohol as a means of dealing with post-abortion stress.In 1996, the British Medical Journal reported that the suicide rate for women after an abortion was three times the general suicide rate and six times that associated with birth. This confirmed earlier studies and has been replicated since. Reardon says one reason for the toughened abortion-suicide link exists in the fact that in many ways, abortion is like suicide. A person who threatens suicide is actually crying out for help. So are women who contemplate abortion. Both are in a state of despair. Both are lonely. Both feel faced by insurmountable odds. So it is no wonder that abortion does non solve the perceived problem that of the inconvenient pregnancy.Post-abortive women are more prone to suicide, cigarette smoking, divorce, low self-esteem, sexual dysfunction, eating disorders and decreased maternal bonding with future children, resulting in child neglect or abuse. Women who have had abortions are more likely to be on public assistance, because their pathologies (promiscuity, softness to form healthy relationships, drug and alcohol abuse) are likely to light upon them single parents. In 2004, Thomas Strahan, a researcher with the intimacy of Interdisciplinary Research in the United States, found that abortion hurts women economically The repeated utilization of abortion appea rs to lead non to economic prosperity or social well-being, except to an increasing feminization of poverty. But post-abortion health problems are not merely emotional. The Elliott Institute has collated the best available data on the physical risk complications of abortion and it reports that approximately 10 per cent of women undergoing elective abortion will suffer speedy complications, of which approximately one-fifth (2 per cent) are considered flavor threatening.The most common immediate major complications include infection, excessive bleeding, embolism, ripping or perforation of the uterus, anesthesia complications, convulsions, hemorrhage, cervical injury and endotoxic shock. Minor complications include infection, bleeding, fever, second-degree burns, chronic abdominal pain, vomiting, gastro-intestinal disturbances and Rh sensitization. In the Canadian context, that means 10,000 women a year suffer complications and 2,000 face potentially liveness-threatening major com plications. Other problems manifest themselves over time. There are more than 30 studies that show a correlation between abortion and breast cancer, with women who had abortions more likely to get breast cancer. Women also face increased risk of cervical, ovarian and liver cancer. The risk for these four cancers are linked to the unnatural disruption of hormonal changes accompanying pregnancy. Untreated cervical damage increases the chances of getting cervical cancer.between 2 and 3 per cent of all abortion patients suffer perforation of the uterus this often leads to complications in subsequent pregnancies, the need for a hysterectomy and other complications, including osteoporosis. Smaller cervical lacerations can also cause problems, including cervical incompetence and subsequent labour complications. Abortion also increases the risk of placenta previa in later pregnancies, which is life-threatening to both mother (excessive bleeding) and unborn child (perinatal death), and incre ases the chance of fetal malformation. Women who have abortions are more than twice as likely to suffer subsequent labour complications, including premature delivery.Pre-term delivery increases the risk of neo-natal death and handicaps. Abortion increases the risk of ectopic pregnancies and pelvic inflammatory disease, both of which can reduce future fertility or threaten the life of the mother. Recent nation-wide data is unavailable in Canada, yet Alberta and Nova Scotia statistics indicate that repeat abortions account for well-nigh one-third of all procedures. Repeat aborters vastly increase their risk of complications and this has serious consequences for those who routinely utilize abortion as birth control it also bind ups the health care system. Perhaps most worrying is that women who have abortions are more likely to die prematurely.Reardon notes, Women who abort are approximately four times more likely to die in the following year than women who carry their pregnancies t o term and that women who carry to term are only when half as likely to die (pre-maturely) as women who were not pregnant. That includes accidental deaths, suicides and homicides, among other causes. The evidence that abortion harms women and their loved ones is overwhelming. But the harm goes beyond separates.Societal costsNo one knows for sure how much abortion costs tax feeders through the earths socialized health care system. With the exception of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, which do not cover the entire cost of abortions committed in offstage facilities, the provinces pay for abortions in both hospitals and free-standing facilities. LifeCanada estimates that the cost just for the surgical abortion procedures is $80 million (an average of $800 multiplied by 100,000 abortions). Because of under-reporting of abortion, there is reason to believe the cost is actually greater. In 1995, the Library of parliament Research Branch said determining the cost of abortion is a co mplex and inexact process. But that is only the process. The number of follow-up visits for immediate complications is not made public (if tracked at all) and so those costs are unknowable. There is also the cost of long-term problems including fertility treatments, psychiatry and drug/alcohol treatment.There are other costs, as well that of missing students, consumers and taxpayers. The loss of 100,000 children every year means little classrooms and closed schools. In 2005, People for Education, an advocacy group, reported that the rate of school closures in Ontario has more than doubled in recent years. Between 1986 and 1995, an average of 24 Ontario schools were closed every year, but between 1999 and 2005, it was an average of 52 schools per year. Remarkably, that is despite attracting the bulk of the countrys immigrants. The fact is that Canada is an aging country in which many smaller communities and older neighbourhoods no longer have the children and teens to sustain eleme ntary and high schools. According to the Canadian Council on Learning, The steepest declines tend to occur in small, country-bred and remote school districts. It cites as an example British Columbia, where 10 school districts have seen their enrolments fall by at least 15 per cent since 2001, seven-spot of which are rural districts with smaller populations.From 1997-2005, 11 of 13 provinces and territories experienced a drop in enrolment, with six of them seeing declines of at least 10 per cent. The problem is worst in Atlantic Canada. Dr. Gerald Galway of the Faculty of Education at Memorial University in St. Johns gave a presentation to the 2009 Atlantic School Boards collection entitled, Where have all the children gone? In it, he noted that school enrolment in Atlantic Canada has fallen precipitously over the past some(prenominal) decades. While intra-provincial migration accounts for some decline in population, he mostly blames falling fertility rates. Notably, in Newfoundl and, enrolment has declined every year since 1971, except in 1984 (with the foundation of Grade 12). In fact, the school-aged population has been cut in half since 1971, from 160,000 to 80,000.Over the long term, more communities will lose their schools and policy makers will have to make difficult decisions on how to provide quality education in sparsely populated areas. There are also ramifications for public finance. Pierre Fortin, a prof of economics at the Universit du Qubec Montral, says there will be a marked deterioration of public finances because of increased health care costs and tribute liabilities as the number of seniors grows rapidly and income tax revenues decrease due to fewer workers. The result is fewer taxpayers supporting more retirees. By 2015, there will be more seniors over 65 than children under 15 it is estimated that by 2030, those over 65 will comprise 25 per cent of the population. According to the 2008 documentary The address of Abortion, the cumula tive financial loss of nearly 50 million abortions in the United States from 1973-2007 was $37 trillion in gross domestic product over the course of 35 years.Thats lost production and lost consumption due to the 50 million missing children and (later) workers. Assuming that Canada would have suffered a proportionate loss, the Canadian GDP over the past four decades would be in the neighbourhood of $4 trillion or $100 billion per year. That represents about 7 per cent of the current Canadian economy. In other words, the economic activity of a population not decimated by abortion would be equivalent to more than twice the remark package Ottawa announced in January. But after 3.2 million abortions over four decades, the missing children translate into missing economic activity.The cheapening of tender lifeThe greatest cost imposed on a society that permits abortion is the devaluing of human life and the diminishment of family life. Abortion does not stalk the nation alone but rathe r, as part of the larger culture of death. Since the legalization of abortion, contraception, gay sex and divorce in the 1960s, there has been a decline in marital stability, with fruit in sexual activity outside marriage and other sexually deviant behaviour and new assaults on human life. There are more ways to chemically eliminate newly conceived life with the abortifacient morning-after pill and abortion drugs like RU-486. With pregnancy made easily avoidable, is it surprising that courts (and later Parliament) neglected the reproductive role of marriage when they redefined the institution to include same-sex partners? In 2003, the Liberal government passed legislation opening the door to destructive embryonic stem cubicle research, cloning and other scientific experimentation that treats human life as raw material to be harvested and exploited. If inconvenient human life can be eliminated by mothers and doctors, why not create convenient lives for scientists and other researc hers?And lastly though not yet is euthanasia. Once the principle is established that inconvenient human beings can be killed, the question constitutes whos next. The answer, if the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and Oregon and Washington are harbingers, is the terminally ill, the disabled and the old. Of course, weve already had Tracey Latimer and Sue Rodriguez and dozens of others whose names werent quite a national news. But these are renegades, operating outside the law. Perhaps, though, not for long. Twice in the past four years, Bloc Quebecois MP Francine Lalonde has introduced a private members bill to legalize euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Public opinion leans toward so-called mercy killing. The principle of eliminating inconvenient people is well established.The great corrupterAbortion corrupts every institution that promotes or even countenances it. Two examples are government (and politics) and the medical profession, although one could also look at the failure of religious leadership, the traducement of the law and so much more. As Fr. Alphonse de Valk noted in his 1979 pamphlet The Worst Law Ever, the medical profession didnt take long to become fanatical in its support for abortion. In fact, de Valk said the one group which obviously has suffered most from the 1969 law is the medical profession. In the 1960s, the Canadian Medical Association lobbied for widening the abortion law to permit abortions to save the life or protect the health of the mother (albeit with a broad understanding of mental and emotional health). By 1973, it endorsed abortion on demand. Two years later, it amended the Hippocratic Oath to remove the reference against abortifacients that had been in place for 2,500 years. In 1977, it attempted to make abortion referrals mandatory, even in cases in which doctors were morally opposed. That battle continues more than three decades later.Over the past 40 years, medical professionals have been harassed over their opposition to abortion and most medical schools screen applicants to keep pro-lifers out. Nurses have been fired, removed from certain duties and refused work because of their pro-life views, as have pharmacists. In order to make choice available to those seeking abortions, the choice of health care professionals to act according to their consciences has been compromised and even excised. Abortion has also corrupted the political process. Parliament fashioned a dishonest and untenable amendment in 1969 the therapeutic abortion committees which sanctioned the killing of the unborn. The Supreme Court threw out the minimal restrictions in 1988 and tell Parliament to write a new abortion law. The Mulroney government twice introduced legislation to address the abortion issue, but the limits were once again giant loopholes that would not have restricted abortion.Since then, abortion has been permitted within the vacuum created by the absence of a law. Politicians are scared of the issu e. Many provincial politicians refuse to answer questions about abortion, claiming it is a federal matter (which it is as a matter of criminal law, but not as health policy). Many federal politicians hide easy the false notion that the 1988 Morgentaler decision established a right to abortion. (It did not, with only one of seven justices suggesting such a right.) In the 2000 federal election, then-prime minister jean Chretien declared that Canada had social peace on the issue of abortion in reality, it was the silence of timorous politicians enforced by a rigid media censorship of any substantive debate on the topic. That censorship is widespread. Since 1995, British Columbia has had a legislated bubble zone prohibiting any pro-life speech near abortion facilities.In 1994, the Ontario government asked for and received a temporary injunction prohibiting pro-life speech near five abortion mills that injunction remains in place today. In Quebec, a limited bubble zone is in place in s everal municipalities. Such censorship has moved to university campuses, where pro-life groups are denied society status and pro-life speakers or demonstrators are prevented from making their presentations. To protect abortion from any criticism or resistance, genuine human rights, such as license of speech, freedom of association and freedom of conscience, are curbed. Such illiberal and intolerant measures are deemed necessary to defend choice.ConclusionThese are but a few of the consequences of a broad abortion licence, a quick overview of the toll of abortion. Sold to a willingly ignorant public as a matter of ain choice, abortion has had terrible consequences for society and, tragically, the women who choose abortion thinking it is a solution to their perceived problems. The enormity of the consequences, one would presume, would lead to a massive re-thinking of all-weather legal abortion. But instead of either sober reflection or a vigorous debate on abortions societal and i ndividual ramifications, there is silence. And more death. And more suffering. Forty more years and millions more deaths are too great a cost for a dearth of necessary leadership to oppose abortion. But someday, these costs and consequences will be too great to ignore. Until then, we will continue to pay in blood, treasure, womens health and a myriad of other ways.Is Abortion Safe?Psychological ConsequencesClinical research provides a growing body of scientific evidence that having an abortion can cause psychological harm to some women. Women who report negative after-effects from abortion know exactly what their problem is, observed psychologist Wanda Franz, Ph.D., in a March 1989 congressional comprehend on the impact of abortion. They report horrible nightmares of children calling them from trash cans, of body parts, and blood, Franz told the Congressional panel. When they are reminded of the abortion, Franz testified, the women re-experienced it with terrible psychological pain They feel worthless and used because they failed at the most natural of human activities the role of being a mother.106The emergence of chemical abortion methods poses a new possibly more ravage psychological threat. Unlike surgical abortions, in which women rarely see the cut up body parts, women having chemical abortions often do see the complete tiny bodies of their unborn children and are even able to distinguish the childs developing hands, eyes, etc. 107 So traumatic is this for some women that both patients and researchers involved in these studies have recommended that women unprepared for the experience of seeing their aborted children not take the drugs. 108 Long-term psychological implications of this experience have not been studied.Researchers on the after-effects of abortion have identified a pattern of psychological problems known as Post-Abortion Syndrome (PAS). Women suffering PAS may experience drug and alcohol abuse, personal relationship disorders, sexual dy sfunction, repeated abortions, communications difficulties, damaged self-esteem, and even attempt suicide. Post-Abortion Syndrome appears to be a type of pattern of denial which may last for five to ten years before emotional difficulties surface. 109Now that some clinicians have established that there is an identifiable patterns to PAS, they face a new challenge. What is still unknown is how widespread psychological problems are among women who have had abortions. A Los Angeles Times survey in 1989 found that 56% of women who had abortions felt guilty about it, and 26% mostly regretted the abortion.110 Clinicians current goal should be to conduct extensive national research studies to obtain data on the psychological after-effects of abortion.111With the growing awareness of Post Abortion Syndrome in scholarly and clinical circles, women with PAS can expect to receive a more sensitive appreciation of the suffering that they endure. Fortunately, a growing network of peer support gro ups of women who have had abortions offers assistance to women who are experiencing emotional difficulties.Many post-abortive women have also been speaking out publicly about their own abortion experiences and the healing process they went through.. Women or family members seeking culture about this particular outreach can contact American Victims of Abortion, 419 7th Street, NW, Suite 500, Washington, D.C., 20004. Physical Consequences after abortionDEATH According to the best record found study of deaths following pregnancy and abortion, a 1997 government funded study in Finland, women who abort are approximately four times more likely to die in the following year than women who carry their pregnancies to term. In addition, women who carry to term are only half as likely to die as women who were not pregnant.(16)The Finland researchers found that compared to women who carried to term, women who aborted in the year prior to their deaths were 60 percent more likely to die of natur al causes, seven times more likely to die of suicide, four times more likely to die of injuries related to to accidents, and 14 times more likely to die from homicide. Researchers believe the higher rate of deaths related to accidents and homicide may be linked to higher rates of suicidal or risk-taking behavior.(16)The leading causes of abortion related maternal deaths within a week of the surgery are hemorrhage, infection, embolism, anesthesia, and undiagnosed ectopic pregnancies. Legal abortion is reported as the fifth leading cause of maternal death in the United States, though in fact it is recognized that most abortion related deaths are not officially reported as such.(2)

4ps of 759 Store

759 livestock is one of the famous supermarts in Hong Kong. umpteen people retire to buy 759 instal products because of the upsetest tolls. Their marketing strategy is small profits, quick returns which mean they sell their products at low price in order to affix the stock turnover rate and earn the profit faster. However, some(prenominal) research shows that the price of the local products in 759 reposition are much lower than another(prenominal)s competitors and some of other retailer shop owners pointed that 759 Store are underprice their products intentionally in order to eliminate other competitors.Since 759 Store strategy is small profits, quick returns, their products price have to be lower than the same products in outside market in order to earn profits form each products. Also, customers never grumble on the low price of products and they will appreciate that if the shops can reduce the product price further. 759 Store has provided some discounts on different com bination of products in order to attract more than customers. This strategy provides a quick return on stocks and rapid cash inflow to 759 Store.Since 759 Store want to extend their market share, they have intention to do the predatory pricing which means to reduce other competitors profits by underpricing, when others competitors can not afford their operating hail and shut down, the price will rise back to original level and the shop can monopolize the whole market. Some research shows that 759 Store gross sales can barely cover the costs of their products which indicate that some of their products price are even lower than the cost. They can easily built up the continuative of customers and meanwhile they can eliminate the competitors.Many small business or retailers have been closed because they cant afford their operating cost with declining profits. The owner of 759 Store has decided to expand his business in order to earn big market share. Although underpricing will not violate the law, is it ethical to do so? match to AMA code of ethics in marketing, practicing predatory pricing is unethical. It is an anti-competitive measure to protect market share from new or existing competitors which involves temporarily pricing a product low enough to end a competitive threat. 59 Store should have ensured the fairness of their business and dont engage in predatory pricing. Also AMA code of ethics have mention the openness of a business which means to create transparency in marketing operations. Many owners of small business have contracted 759 Store about their problematic pricing strategy, but 759 Store still insist in selling their products with low prices. This indicate that 759 Store is lack of communication with others and do not accept the criticism form others. According to 4Ps marketing model, the only ethical issue of 759 Store is pricing. 59 Store represents ethically on other 3Ps. For example, they ensure their products are safe, their products a nd packages have least impacts on the environment. Also, they do not have any jerry-built or misleading advertising or bribery in promotion and there are no gray marketing exist. To improve, 759 Store should deal with their pricing problem. First of all, they should stop practicing predatory pricing and the major reason of them to do so is supplier specifically selling their products to 759 Store at low price.Since 759 Store have many branch in Hong Kong, they can perform bulk purchases to the suppliers and ask for the discounts which is impossible for others small retailers to do so. Therefore, I suggest that suppliers should have ameliorate price to sell their products to all retailers and do not offer any discounts. Any other method the stop the problem is that 759 Store stop selling local products and focus on selling Japanese products since most of the customers are buying Japanese products form 759 Store and it can avoid affecting other competitor because the problematic pri cing is occurred on local products only.If 759 Store can focus on selling Japanese products, they probably can gain larger amount of profits because price of Japanese Yen are declining currently which leads to a lower price of imported Japanese goods. Also, 759 Store should communicate more with the suppliers and accept the criticism form others in order to ensure the openness of the business. Reference Major Ethical Issues in Marketing 4 Ps Model. (2004). Retrieved from http//www. powershow. om/ vox populi/13014e-NmEyN/Table_Major_Ethical_Issues_in_Marketing_4_Ps_Model_powerpoint_ppt_presentation. AMA Code of Ethics. (2003) (pp. ). Retrieved from http//www. helleniccomserve. com/marketingcodeofethics. html. Abandon the local goods fought Japanese food blaze trail(2008). Retrieved from http//stock. appledaily. com/News/Detail? articleId=15777657&issueId=20111107. How about Japanese Yen?. (2012). Retrieved from http//www. 759store. com/video2. php.

Lyndon B. Johnson and Literacy Tests Essay

Over the last fifty years, a lot has changed when it comes voting and racial discrimination. The marches from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama have changed our history as a whole, forever. The intentions of the three marches were for Afri stinker Americans to have the right to vote just like the white men. There were three different attempts for the marches from Selma to Montgomery process 7, March 9, and March 21, 1965. The attempts to gain their voting rights came at a price they were beaten, clubbed, murdered, trampled upon and all kinds of things by the police during these marches. At least Even though the well-bred Rights Act of 1964 had just been passed only a couple months before, African Americans were still being discriminated at the polls. They were not allowed to vote and if they were allowed to register than they were given literacy tests, which majority of them failed. conflicting during 1965 when the marches took place, African Americans did not have the right to vote, t hey were segregated, discriminated upon, etc.Martin Luther King, the spokesperson or leader for the people during marches, wanted to march in a peaceable manner to show the police and everyone else that they were not animals and they would not give up until they were given the rights that they deserve. The result of these marches came when President Lyndon Johnson address Congress involving the matter petition for legislation that would prohibit the polls in using barriers to prevent African Americans from voting. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed that August 1965. This piece of legislation basically states that the government cant discriminate during the voting process based on race and also prohibits the use of literacy tests as a requirement to vote because most filthy people during this time could neither read or write.Also under this act the United States attorney general had to challenge the use of poll taxes for local anesthetic and state elections. Things in this, the twenty-first century, are whatever(prenominal) better than they were during Selma marches because there is a lot less racism and discrimination towards African Americans. African Americans have the same rights as white men, as do women, as written in the Bill of Rights. If Selma would have never occurred, or occurred in a violent manner rather than the nonviolent way it was, Africans Americans might not have the right to vote to this day, or worse. Also, without out the success of the Selma to Montgomery we would much than likely not have as many African Americans in political office as we do today.Times are so much better now than they were fifty years ago because African Americans now have 100% freedom and all of their rights. African Americans, as well as women, get to vote without having to worry about being discriminated against, as well as tested. Selma created leeway for a greater number of African Americans to become intricate in political affairs at local, state, an d national levels. Selma affected our political system a lot and without it we more than likely wouldnt have some of the people we do in major positions in the government, such as President Obama.

Bromobenzene Essay

Introduction The chemical reaction of nitration consists of a nitro classify being added to or substituted in a molecule. Nitration can basically be carried bug out by a mixture of concentrated azotic acid and sulfuric acid this mixture is useful to obtain the active nitronium ion. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a system used when a functional group is needed to be substituted on to an aromatic compound. In the nitration, nitronium ion acts as the electrophile that involves the attack of the electron-rich benzene call.Aromatic substitution is electrophilic, referable to the high density in benzene ring. Benzene ring is one of the components in most important natural products and other useful products. The species reacting with the aromatic ring is usually a positive ion or the end of a dipole. Nitration is one of the most important examples of electrophilic substitution. The electrophile in nitration is the nitronium ion which is generated from nitric acid by protonation and loss of water, utilize sulfuric acid as the dehydrating agents. DataWeight (grams)Beaker39.1 gramsBeaker + Crystals41.9 gramsWeight of Crystals (Prior to Addition of Ethanol)2.8 gramsFigure 1 This table illustrates the weight of the crystals that were formed before the ethanol was added. 2.8 grams x 5= 14 mL This is the amount of ethanol that is needed to just dissolve the bromonitrobenzenes at 78.2oC.Weight (grams)Wet Sample of Crystals1.40 gramsDry Sample of Crystals0.95 grams residue Between Wet and Dry Samples0.45 gramsFigure 2 This table illustrates the weight of the crystals that were formed as the final product. The wet sample and dry sample ii own a different value.Figure 3 This is the structure of bromobenzene this was the liquid that was given for this laboratory experiment.Figure 4 Mechanism for the formation of 4-bromonitrobenzene.Observations When the bromobenzene was added, the solution off-key yellow. The final product was also yellow crystals.Calculations a. Bromobenzene0.0142 mol bromobenzeneb. Nitric Acid0.090 mol nitric acidTHEREFORE, IT CAN BE SAID THAT BROMOBENZENE IS THE LIMITING REAGENTc. actual Yield and Percent Yield33%THE PERCENT YIELD IS 33%.Conclusion It can be said that the objective of this experiment was to synthesize the p-bromonitrobenzene out of bromobenzene by nitration. Thisexperiment studied the electrophilic aromatic nitration of a monosubstituted aromatic cring under a standard set of conditions. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is the sum of a nitro ( NO2+) group to an aromatic ring. When the aromatic ring is monosubstituted (meaning it already has one substituent on it), the nitro group can be added to either the ortho, meta, or para position. Figure 1 illustrates the weight of the crystals prior to the addition of ethanol. The weight of the crystals before the ethanol was added was 2.8 grams. These were the crystals that were formed when the nitric acid and sulfuric acid mixture was slowly added to the bromobenzene. The weights of the crystals were determined before the addition of ethanol this was important to do in order to find the amount (mL) of ethanol to add. The weight of the crystals was 2.8 grams and was multiplied by 5 to get 14mL this was the amount of ethanol that was added. The ethanol was added to the crystals to dissolve the bromonitrobenzenes at 78.2oC. Figure 2 illustrates the weight of the wet crystals and the dry crystals. The weight of the wet crystals was 1.40 grams and the weight of the dry crystals was 0.95 grams.The difference between these two weights was 0.45 grams. The number for the dry crystal was then later used to determine the actual yield and the percent yield of the laboratory experiment.. The moles of bromobenzene were calculated to be 0.0142 moles. The moles of nitric acid were calculated to be 0.090 moles. in that locationfore, since the moles of bromobenzene were lower than the moles of nitric acid, it can be said that bromobenzene is the lim iting reagent. After the limiting reagent is found, it is used to find the theoretical reagent.Questions1. What products did you wear this reaction to form? Explain the effect that the group(s) present in the starting material have on reactivity and orientation in this reaction and why.There were two possible products that could have been formed in this experiment. The first product that could have formed was 1-bromo-2-nitrobenzene and the second product that could have formed was 1-bromo-4-nitrobenzene. These were the two products that could have been formed because bromine is in an ortho and para directing group.

Media and A Doll’s House

Nora and Media are very different and also similar. Both Nora and Media are in powerless marriages. They both(prenominal) end up with the power at the end of the play. Nora leaves her husband but Jason leaves Media. Media handles this situation differently than Nora. Media uses that fact that she is a woman and her weakness to her advantage. Media is much much manipulative than Nora however Nora lies so more than Media. Nora must be a different person around Torvald. Mrs. Linde, Dr. Rank and Krogstad are the only people that she privy be the person who she really is. Media also had to pretend who she really was.Media pretends that she doesnt have magic and that she is Greek until she acts out her revenge. Media has magical powers and Nora is an average middle mannequin wife. Although they both are mothers, Nora loves her children more than Media loves her children. Nora loves her children so much that she would die for them. She is concerned about how her choices and how they wil l affect her children. Media cares more about her revenge on Jason than her children, which is wherefore she killed them at the end of the play. Nora is looking for sympathy, but when Media gets sympathy she yells and says that it makes her sick.The titles of the plays have different meanings as well. The title of A Dolls House represents a group throughout the play and is important in the last scene of the play. The title Media is like most romantics where the main character is the title of the play. The play Media was radical vindicatory like A Dolls House. Both plays said things that the audience would be offended by. In media it was that she was a foreigner who manipulated their king and killed him. In A Dolls House it shows the life of an average middle class family and it uses language that was not used in plays.The writing in the dickens plays is different. Media is like an epic it talks about far off lands, there are long monologues, magic, and the language is poetic. A Dolls House is a realistic play. The situations are real and they happen to real people. Also the characters are real. The language is different too. In A Dolls House the characters let loose in sentence fragments and incomplete sentences. The characters in A Dolls House portray average middle class people even though they might be radical. Even though the plays are quite different they are rather similar as well.

Bhutan Clean and Green

We are North Texas Eco-friendly cleaning aid. Keep Green and Clean is family owned and operated business that offers the highest quality, professional home and commercial cleaning service available in North Texas. We individualize our cleaning services for you and your home. Your unique needs are important to us, and we will take the time to listen to your particular requests. From the moment you walk into your home, you will know that we have been there. We offer one-time, weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, occasionally, and move-in/move-out cleaning. Keep Green and Clean provides free in-house quotes, call or email today to arse around yoursWhatever Matters Green and Clean Bhutan A possibility Keep Thimphu clean and green- This is a message that many Thimphu residents read again and again. But, are we anywhere shutdown to it? Thimphu is definitely not clean. Litters everywhere. Overflowing drains. 40 tonnes of waste a day is a lot 85% of the waste being recyclable. Overflowing Memel akha. And no ripe waste management system in place. A few ideas flung here and there whether to employ a private firm to manage the wastes dig other landfill or buy an incinerator (which I dont really agree with). Make a decision and at least do something.Thimphu is not green either. May be a few roofs (I still remember the TCCs absurd regulation to paint the roofs green). too few green spaces for people to enjoy. Neither a single ability cost-efficient building (the BTF building in Taba may qualify as one) nor any efforts in this direction. The intra-city transportation system is still unattractive to many people. Too many gas-guzzlers. Proposal for electric trains and trams I think we need more than immediate, impelling and simpler solutions. If Thimphu is any indicator, a green and clean Bhutan is definitely a distant, nasty dream.But we croupe achieve the dream if we tackle the problems head on. It is time for more action and less rhetoric. There are a few things that can be immediately done 1. Make Civil Servants the ambassadors of a clean and green Bhutan Everybody looks up to the accomplished servants in Bhutan. The Government should initiate the changes from within. Educate the civil servants on waste management and effective use of verve. Let them practice these things at home and in offices. The 17000 strong smart individuals can spread the messages more effectively to the general public. . Green Projects The Government owns a large number of properties and vehicles. Evaluate if we are making efficient use of our office spaces? Are they energy efficient? Need we build more offices? And do we need many office vehicles? Make radical infrastructures more environmentally friendly and energy efficient by using alternative building technologies and designs. The Environmentally Friendly Road Construction projects are some examples. We are building new towns why cannot new towns like Denchi in Pema-Gatshel be designed as a green town?3. Enc ourage the public During the recent NA session, an MP said status of people should change first, before leaving it to the concerned agencies to solve the problem. This is indefensible. The organisation is the most able of all organizations and should take on the role of educating the public. If one fetch of education doesnt lap up, try another. Encourage people to make/build their homes and offices environmentally friendly and energy efficient. There are many technologies available now. Provide pecuniary incentives and technological assistance to procure them. The National Environment Protection Act 2007 provides for it.Allocate budget to make the provision 78 in the Act effective so that there is an uptake. We must not fall into the false sense of security that we live harmoniously with our environment and that we are doing enough because we have committed to maintain 60% of forest cover. The problems illustrated above are real and we risk being caught out sooner than later. Greener dash12 April, 2010 A private firm has beaten the government to initiating a program to collect paper waste. The month-old firm called Greener Way has already collected seven tones of paper waste from various government agencies and schools. Its main butt is to save the environment, provide employment and keep Bhutan clean and green, the owner of the firm, Kinga Om, said. The waste they collect will be sent to New Delhi, India. It takes about 15 to 20 days to reach New Delhi through Jaigaon, she said. Greener Way has sought all the 10 ministries help to collect paper waste. Kinga Om, a fresh graduate, said that, so far, most agencies Greener Way has approached have been cooperative and willing to bear the cost of the dustbins each of them would be using. Like any other private firm, Greener way to a fault works seven days a week, from 900 am to 900 pm.So far, they have collected paper waste from the ministry of agriculture and forestry services. Rinchen high school, Rinch en Kuenphen chief(a) school and the UNESCO (expand) office. Officiating chief forestry officer (CFO) at the nature conservation division said that they would also follow Greener Way and initiate the same by their ministry. Well continue to support them and encourage such initiatives, the officiating CFO said. Recycling is done to conserve on consumption of resources, energy and space used in landfills. Reports reveal that 90 percent of paper pulp is made from wood.Paper production accounts for about 35 percent of felled trees, and represents 1. 2 percent of worlds total economic output. It has been estimated that recycling half the worlds paper would avoid the harvesting of twenty million acres of forestland. The idea struck Kinga Om subsequently four visits for research at Memelakha and finding out that 24 percent of waste is paper. It took about a month to set up their office safe the automobile repair centre in Olakha, with help from Thimphu city cooperation (TCC), said Kinga Om. Before, the firm had a temporary junkyard at lower Motithang.Greener Way plans to set up branch offices in Gelephu, Samdrup jongkhar, Samtse, Thimphu and Chhukha. With the help of the education ministry, schools have been helping too. Rinchen high school was the first school to support in collecting paper waste. Greener Way will also be distributing its dustbins in Thimphu schools and later to rest of the schools in Bhutan within 10 days. Kinga Om has employed four university graduates and seven class XII graduates. The toughest work is to collect waste from different places, she said. We request everyone in and around Bhutan not to throw paper waste but to collect it for us.

Evaluating Servant Leadership

What is servant leading? When this question is asked, the first response that comes to mind is a leadership voice in some sort of spiritual capacity. In actuality, this concept stool be applied to both professional and spiritual roles of leadership. Robert K. Greenleafs theory of servant leadership includes qualities such as listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, growth and building community (Greenleaf, 2002).Considering this description, when asked if the following statement, although servant leadership is often associated with the Bible and Jesus Christ, it is all told compatible with or so religions and theories of philosophy can be viewed as true, it indeed can be confirmed for most. As servant leadership is actually a philosophy that emphasizes chaste values and suggests leaders obtain desired results by focusing on and fulfilling the needs of others it is possible that it is compatible with other religious philoso phies, though not all, as well.The very essence of leadership is finding effective ways to inspire and motivate others. A persons particular style of leadership is influenced by the core values as well as the assumptions and beliefs of the individual. Effective leaders continuously learn from those around them and evolve their leadership style as ask to deal with diversity and changing situations. Strong leaders typically possess a combination of positive characteristics and moral values that form and define their leadership philosophy.Servant leadership emphasizes such skills as awareness, stewardship, persuasion, growth and building community. These skills are also historic elements of most religious philosophies but specifically for the Christian and Unitarian Universalist philosophies. One Christian philosophy of leadership presented by David M. Turner, is that the characteristics of the leader should be in harmony with qualities expound in Scripture (Turner, Unknown). The C hristian leader should be a continual student that consistently strives for excellence, concentrates on the people, and coaches them become leaders as well.A similar philosophy of leadership as described by Unitarian Universalists is that leaders should find balance between concerns for getting the job done and concern for the people. The focus of the leader is to support and empower the individual to discover and explore their own faith. Both of these philosophies require their leader to practice listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, growth and community in order to be effective. Perhaps the most important attribute of servant leadership is listening.In order to fulfill the needs of others, the leader must first identify the need and the only way to do that is to listen and truly hear what is being communicated. Irving Shapiro? former chairman of DuPont, perhaps described servant leadership best with his statement that people who accomplish things do more listening than talking (p. 1). During meetings at large successful organizations such as Radiall, Inc. , the most effective managers testament often have very smallish to say yet their body language alone will convey the message that they are listening and evaluating every word being spoken.The manager may not offer suggestions at all at the initial meeting or perhaps will just ask more questions that will amplify the groups thinking and possibly guide them toward their own desired result. While others have argued their point it seems as if the listening has given the leader some time to rise up awareness of the needs and foresight to accomplish them. It is logical that effective servant leadership would require a higher level of emotional news. Emotional intelligence is the skill level or ability to identify and manage emotions of self, others and of groups as well.People who possess a high degree of emotional intelligence will most likely be ver y self-aware and also be quite attuned to the emotions of others around them. Self-awareness is needed first in order to understand and be attuned with others. As stated by Daniel Goleman, if your emotional abilities arent in hand, if you dont have self-awareness, if you are not able to manage your distressing emotions, if you cant have empathy and have effective relationships, then no matter how smart you are, you are not going to get very far (Serrat, 2009).So what is servant leadership? It is a leadership role in some sort of spiritual capacity but it is a concept that can be applied both professional and spiritual roles of leadership. Greenleafs theory of servant leadership that includes qualities such as listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, growth and building community (Greenleaf, 2002) encompasses qualities that are chastely important but that can also be applied in professional situations.It is true that, although se rvant leadership is often associated with the Bible and Jesus Christ, it is totally compatible with most religions and theories of philosophy. Servant leadership is a philosophy that emphasizes moral values and suggests leaders obtain desired results by focusing on and fulfilling the needs of others and is completely compatible with other religious philosophies as well.

The Socio-Cultural Impact on Love, Marriage, and Kinship

Carine Garcon ANT 3212 Wayne A. Abrahamson Spring 2013 The Socio-Cultural Impact on have sex, spousal relationship, and Kinship Ones status of the world is consistently altered by our surroundings and influenced by the events that take place. In the past nearly 50 years divorce rates have risen a significant incredibly high. many researchers have associated this phenomena the modern confederation marriage symbolizes and values. This idea and representation of shaft have conversely abnormal and impacted relationships. Thus, the topic that will be investigated is how society and cultural has bear on our notion of fare, marriage, and kinship.One of the ways society has impacted the notion of marriage is that fact that the government attempts to regulate marriages. A few states realize the brilliance of marriage, and they have taken action to try to change our notion on marriage. Louisiana, Arizona, and Arkansas they imagined in powder compact marriages. According to the jou rnal covenant marriage required the following This movement set out to recruit and streng wherefore marriages, reduce divorce rates, lessen the number of children born out of wedlock, discourages cohabitation, and frame marriage as an honorable and desirable institution. (Hawkins et al. 002166) Because of the fact that the contemporary tillage has lost sight of the significance of marriage, the government attempt to regulate the marriages within certain states. Furthermore, the state of Florida has made it harder for yokes to get married and also get a divorce. The state has now implemented a 3- day waiting period for marriage licenses if couples do not seek premarital education, hoping to reduce impulsive, ill-advised unions. (Hawkins et al. 2002166) It is clear why the government has attempted to regulate and modify the amount of marriages that potenti every last(predicate)y can happen.Years ago marriage was considered to be a divine, sacred union sh are between cardinal raft before matinee idol. This union was intended to be a union that lasted a life clipping and previously the option to dissipate the marriage did not exist. In the current state of marriage, people get married they do not see it as something that is supposed to be forever, but preferably as something temporarily. Divorce has become too easy and feasible for people to obtain. I personally believe this current generation people confuse lust for cut. Most people would tell someone that they love them, but instead it is really lust.It seems that no one really knows the differences between lust and love, so the dickens words are commonly mistaken and used in the wrong way. Even in movies and agglomerate entertainment, love and relationships are portrayed negatively with glamour. The typical story begins with a man who convinces a fille with the idea and possibility of love. Once she is vulnerable the couple would most likely indulge in versed intercourse. When this happens the man then leaves, the woman regrets the decision. These things are glamourized and popularized by the mass media and a result, the youth is then influenced to mimic the same.The psychological effects of the mass media are subtle, but long-term. (Galician 2004) As a child culmination from a Christian background I read the bible very often. The bible is a peachy source to view and analyze the changes that have happened throughout the last 5 decades, because much of the ideals were found upon its contents. In the book of Matthew chapter 2236-44 it states, Teacher, which is the greatest commandment in the Law? Jesus replied Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with your mind.This is the first and greatest commandment. And the second command is similar stating, Love your neighbor as yourself. All the Law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments. (Matthew 2236-44) Out of all the Ten Commandments these two were considered to be the most coveted a nd highly regarded. This emphasis on the idea that love should be a highly heralded and powerful word in is uses and approach. The order in which these commandments are given, also place emphasis and attention towards how one who is reading the text should perceive it.In the journal, On A Paradox Of Christian Love Liu exclaimed that these two commandments direct ones love to distinct objects. (Liu 2007681) The commandments were placed in a certain order as first and second to illustrate importance and respect. By putting these commandments in an order it is assumed that the one must achieve a spiritual love with everything in your torso and mind, and only after can you love can love someone else (neighbor). The bible has influenced a gravid amount of the Western society and culture. From a biblical stand point you cannot love anyone else unless your love is grow with a divine spirit.I believe that if it has to do with our culture then inversely it pertains to love, thus as a soci ety we are blinded by what we want to see. It is critical that one sees the consider to learn to take time and careful thought into deciding whether or not were in love. Love is patient, so its okay to take your time to fall for someone because if it is true love than it will reveal itself in its own right. Also, the stress placed upon by people on love results in the spending of time and hours wondering if there is true love in their relationship.The impact that culture has had on the social relations of love have led to the belief that love is based take out of what one can do for the other, while in its essence and purity love isnt based on that logic and reasoning but emotion and feeling. In the textbook it explains how a man fagged most of his time away from his home, so the child grew up under the influence of their mothers and matrilineal relatives. If laudation or shame failed to control the behavior of children, the withdrawal of maternal affection had a powerful effect . tabby 2003) In todays culture and society the result adverse conditions and occurrences are happening. By contemporary society, men are supposed to be considered as the primary provider for their families. Women are widely considered to be the ones that bear the responsibility of child bearing and keep oning the stability and homeostasis of the home. Though the effect is not the extent and original of a mother taking away her affection from a child, but the equivalent in damage of linearity would be a mother in this day and age placing the child in time out as a form of punishment.This idea also delves a deeper in the explanation of boyish girls who become quickly incorporated into the highly organized female kinship group, and boys who sought out special(prenominal) friendships with each other to provide mutual support in adulthood. (King 2003) In analyzation how love is specially affected by the socio-cultural factors of today, the analysis of the term kinship can be addre ssed to further the discussion. Kinship isnt just considered to be relationship through blood, but it also means relation by marriage, or adoption.Again television and mass has led us to believe that most families are generally tight knitwork and very close, but in reality most families are seriously dysfunctional. (Galician 2004) Throughout all of this dysfunction, families as yet manage to find some form of stability amongst them. Overall kin generally stick together, and maintain a decent relationship with each other. In the textbook King explains how marriages takes place in the quaint areas towards the east (Massachusett, Iroquois, Cherokee). He explained that if a man had a bride in mind he would have two options.Ask a family to propose a match to the other family, or to attract the girl himself. If the guy prove himself to be worthy the family would accept the couples sexual relationship, and if it eventually at the end of the process a espousal would take place. (King 2 003) The family tests the couples relationship based upon the sex and essentially, if the sex was proven adequate, then the couple would then get married. King further explained that an ordinary man would take extra wives to help most with their community duties or ambitions.Furthermore, in this time period bride service was very common. A new maintain would go live with his in-laws to perform these duties. (King 2003) These days, a new husband would not go live with his in- laws and he most certainly wouldnt be performing bride services. This is one example of the extreme changes that have occurred socially and culturally in regards to marriage. Conclusively, culture and media has had an impact on how we view marriage, love, and kinship. Most people no nightlong view marriage as being permanent, but instead as being temporary.They no interminable believe in fighting to make their relationship work, theyd much rather divorce or separate and prevent and reconciliation in their di fferences. It is worldwide postulation that love is difficult, but our culture has misled us to believe that love is effortlessly attainable. Even in regards to kinship, part of love and relationships with anyone is to maintain ties with your family. Overall, because of the socio-cultural conditions the ideas of relationships are ever changing and thus complex in its nature.References Cited Galician, M. (2004). Sex, love & romance in the mass media analysis & chiding of unrealistic portrayals & their influence. Mahwah, N. J. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. King, Glenn. Traditional Cultures A Survey of Nonwestern Experience and Achievement. (2003). Waveland Press, Long Grove, IL. Hawkins, Alan J. , Steven L. Nock, Julia C. Wilson, Laura Sanchez, and James D. Wright. Attitudes About Covenant Marriage and Divorce Policy Implications From a Three-State Comparison*. Family Relations 51. (2002) 166-175. Web. Huston, Ted L. The Social Ecology of Marriage and Other allude Unions. Journal of Marriage and Family 62. 2 (2000) 298-320. Web. 05 Feb. 2013. Liu, Qingping. On A Paradox Of Christian Love. Journal of Religious ethics 35. 4 (2007) 681-94. Print. Matthew 2236-44. The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments Translated out of the Original Tongues and with the Former Translations diligently Compared and Revised by His Majestys Special Command. Nashville Thomas Nelson, 1979. N. Print.

Process Of International Convergence Of Accounting Standards Accounting Essay

Globalization may h obsolescent started 1000s of old ages ago with the long distance trade that connected Central Asia, China and Europe yet we whoremonger safely reason the magnitude of the trade and impact so can non be comp atomic number 18d with what we ar witnessing today. At the really nucleus of trade prevarications story which is said to be the language of concern . With the intersection of telecommunications and schooling engineering, and the now ubiquitousness of the cyberspace this paper seeks to understand one of the few staying barriers to full globalisation. Businesss need a unvarying manner done which they can carry on, step and fall upon their minutess so that they can be understood by any interested party around the introduction. This is where the importance of haveing a harmonised inter issue score criterion is realized. This paper looks at the construct and growth procedure of worldwide crossroad of report criterions while it to a fault seeks to convey out the major unfavorable judgments / factors that could be said to be impeding the advancement towards holding sympathetic world-wide account relegatement criterions. The paper besides highlights both line of reasonings for and ag personalst point of intersection of inter guinea pig write up criterions. Finally possible attacks that could be applied to aide in the hastening and/ or distributing the religious doctrine for harmonization of the contradictory account criterions are outlined in the recommendations subdivision. The paper ends with a strong pro- harmonisation decision.IntroductionGlobalization is the procedure of integrating and interaction of people, administrations and authoritiess of incompatible call downs. It is driven by invest, outside(a) trade and supported by information engineering. The effects of globalisation are manifested through the alterations in people s civilizations, prosperity and sparing reading, alterations in political sys tems, societies and besides alterations in the environment. With globalisation we deem witnessed an increasing volume of trade in broad(a)s and services and capital merges as foreign direct investitures ( Levin Institute para1 ) . As multi matter companies, persons and authoritiess seek to attach their wealth through designation of feasible investing chances around the Earth, the demand for developing tools, techniques or methods that leave behind help in doing accurate determinations has arisen. chronicle is the linguistic communication of concern. It is utilise to pass on the organism and development of a concern financial state of affairs and the public presentation of its frugal entities. monetary information is a linguistic communication signifier, hence if we are to utilize it to do determinations on investing or taking up recognition it should non merely be apprehensible but besides be comparable. Due to the rise of new concern factors, such(prenominal)(prenom inal)(prenominal) as the global pecuniary system and the erratic economic system, concerns need a unvarying manner through which they can carry on, step and unwrap their minutess so that they are apprehensible by any interested party around the universe ( Diaconu 1-2 ) .In brief what we are stating is that for one to accurately compare the public presentation of two concerns located in different parts of the universe 1 would happen it much dewy-eyedr if the two brasss that he was comparing used a similar score system for their analysis. There has been some attempt for sometime now to induce up with a consonant international accounting criterion. Soon, the two major accounting criterions that are in customs are the international financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) and the unify States By and large evaluate Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) . The IFRS are issued by the transnational Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) and are presently in usage in about 100 states ( incl uding the European Union, Australia, South Africa etc ) .Whereas on that point are many states that abide by International monetary Reporting Standards, on that point are many more that do non stay by it. The two noteworthy states that do non follow the IFRS are the Canadian Accounting Standards Board ( AcSB ) and the US Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) and. The IASB which is mandated with the end of making wandering criterions that are of high-quality, apprehensible, crystalline and enforceable via the International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) comprises of a 14 member commission, from nine different countries.AOn the other(a) manus, the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) representsa varied group of techniques used to treat, fix and present public accounting information. GAAP is general in its methods and it is this generalization that dispatchs it suited for version by many different types of industries. This is wherefore many industr ies in the US are urged to detect GAAP rules. The Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) is the organisation granted authorization by the US Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) to set up the by and large accepted accounting rules. A GAAP s nucleus rules include lie inence, comparison, dependability and relevancy.United States companies and foreign subordinates of US multinationals use the US GAAP while their European Union opposite verse and their foreign subordinates use IFRS. Due to the international political relations that belies the full IAS harmonisation attempt, most stakeholders in capital markets are forcing for the thought of an international cross substance between the IFRS and U.S. GAAP as the best origin ( Diaconu 1 ) .International harmonisation of accounting criterions has been defined as the effort to convey together different accounting systems. Samuels and Piper view it as the procedure for bring forthing a interactive consequence through the combi ne and blending of assorted patterns into an orderly construction ( 56 ) . Harmonization is perfectly necessary because national criterions of monetary statements are virtually useless in today s universe. Fiscal markets in states where there is more ordinance are threatened with a loss of market portion while transnational corporations must come up with multiple studies for different states where they operate in ( Nobes and Parker 19 ) . Iqbal, Melcher and Elmallah claim that there is a demand for the lap of accounting criterions for the interest of the foreign investor who requires aid in understanding the financial paperss of the companies in other states where they may wish to put their financess.Prior investigate on harmonisation of accounting criterions may be described as being either empirical or qualitative. Qualitative research has typically looked at the sensed returnss of convergence and its impact on standard compositors.Empirical research on the other manus, turn toing international harmonisation of accounting criterions follows two major attacks, de jure and de facto harmonisation. De jure harmonisation involves analyzing of accounting criterions and other ordinance while de facto harmonisation entails the analysis of corporate accounting patterns within a given restrictive model.Harmonization is a moving mark and more recent studies by international accounting houses drive home been used to set up the extent of de jure harmonisation. De facto harmonisation is a examination of financial coverage patterns.The opinion and Development Process of International product of Accounting StandardsIn 1973, the International Accounting Standards Committee ( IASC ) was founded to develop planetary accounting criterions. In April 2001 the IASC was reconstituted into the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) which forwardicially proposed a Convergence construct.Convergence targeted doing the analogous economic minutess but in differ ent planetary juristic powers to be utilizing the same accounting attack.Moussa outlines the development procedure of international convergence of accounting criterions as followsFirst Convergence represents advancement through consisting the demands of incorporating international economic systems and sets the way for future development. Nevertheless, convergence requires great attempt if it is to be achieved ( Moussa 89 ) .Second Convergence does non equal identity. One needs to understand that states have different regulative constructions they have dissimilar economic environments, cultural doctrines, and even differ on the quality of comptrollers they possess. Users of accounting information are besides non in like manner ( Moussa 89 ) .Third Convergence is a procedure. It is a procedure because in the universe there are ever new issues originating which require the states to actively and continuously innovate new mechanisms to make constructions which meet such demands as t hey come up. It is merely through this that states can accomplish equitability, sovereignty, international efficiency and development of planetary diverseness ( Moussa 89 ) .Fourth Convergence means interaction between different states, between case-by-case states and the IASB, and between the IASB and regional professional accounting radical structures. There is a demand for sustained communication to larn from each other and to obtain common acknowledgment from each other ( Moussa 89 ) .Moussa farther lineations three phases of international convergence of accounting criterions as illustrated belowInternational Comparison refers to a comparing among different states accounting criterions. Through international comparing the differences and similarities among different national accounting systems are revealed. From such disclosures it becomes possible to supply conditions for the international convergence of accounting criterions.International Harmonization is the international dimension of economic development that promotes international harmonisation of accounting.International Convergence is the concluding phase for the coveted planetary convergence of accounting criterions. International convergence is being driven by the two phases listed above, international comparing and international harmonisation, and economic globalisation. The purpose is to finally stop up with planetary common accounting criterions developed through such a dynamic procedure as the one outlined above ( 90 ) .Issues environing the development of consonant international accounting criterions ( IAS )Historically, the US, Europe, the UK and Latin American theoretical accounts have been the four major accounting criterions theoretical accounts in usage within the industrialised states . The International Accounting Standards Committee ( IASC ) took the lead with view to the standardisation of these theoretical accounts.In 1973 the UK, the US and Canada embarked on a procedure geare d toward making concordant international accounting criterions. The International Accounting Standards Committee ( IASC ) was subsequently formed and it presently has representatives from accounting organic structures in 106 states. By 1991 there had been 31 criterions issued ( Lochner, Jr. 108 ) . Fleming says that for convergence of international accounting criterions to happen the set about must get down with coming up with criterions for the coverage attacks mandatory by the different national securities regulators ( 101 ) . In April 2001 the IASC was reconstituted as the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) which officially proposed the convergence construct.In lesser-developed states, the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) has aided in the standardisation attempt through their aid to authoritiess with respects to their fiscal direction processs, through accountant instruction plans and by advancing the constitution of regional accounting associations ( Fleming 102-103 ) .A cardinal first measure to deriving an international understanding on the definition of fiscal statement points would be for the international industry to put political force per unit area on securities regulators. Second, practising comptrollers and the channel of study of concern school accounting plans would hold to rapidly follow these international criterions. Third, authorities fiscal coverage criterions need to be made to suit in with international supersede rate coordination such as those developed by the African and Asian Development Banks, the G7 states, the International Monetary Fund and the system for Economic Coordination and Development ( OECD ) . Finally, the accounting organic structures in less developed states need to be calm to follow these check international accounting criterions in alternatively of burthening themselves with the immense disbursal of making municipal accounting criterions ( Weber 67 ) .There is no denying that the procedure o f coming up with internationally harmonized accounting criterions is a political procedure for illustration the FASB criterions are the consequence of complex political dialogues and procedures. The uprightness of the affair is that those with political power do hold vested involvements in domestic criterions. Again, each state has its ain accounting policy processes which force the demand for tonss of dialogue for any state want to equilibrate its legal sovereignty with international cooperation.Lochner, Jr. says that the persistency in international cooperation has been toward bilateral and trade-block understandings for illustration the convergence of European Union s ( EU ) accounting criterions which is a trade-block ( 108 ) .The issue of extra-territoriality makes it hard to implement international ordinance therefore national authoritiess would necessitate to spearhead and implement international accounting criterions ( IAS ) harmonisation. By and large, contracts betwe en states tend to be more enforceable than contracts between citizens of different states.A common statement frequently raised against the convergence of international accounting criterions ( IAS ) has been that the costs of development and acceptance of IAS criterions would far surpass its benefits. However, Goeltz believes that the manner has already been laid out by the international capital markets. These marketplaces / Bourses have quickly acknowledged the being of a planetary market to the extent that to authorise investors with the information they need to do sound investing determinations, they have gone in front to hold some gloss to convergence in the accounting criterions that they make use of ( 86 ) .In instances where authoritiess seek to privatise some of the industries they have been engaged in international accounting criterions could be adapted to so that private investors from anyplace in the universe would be able to efficiently measure these concerns based on their fiscal records.Developing states have become cardinal beginnings of comparative advantage in the planetary economic development particularly when we look at of import factors of production such as natural stuffs and labour. Therefore we can non disregard the importance of including developing states within the model for harmonising IAS. Having harmonized international accounting criterions resulting be utile when we need to mensurate the value of these developing states assets in the universe market. Besides, in order to help in the enterprises of inter-governmental economic development cooperation between states authoritiess accounting demands to be standardized ( Weber 68 ) . Again, we need to observe that developing and developing states view convergence of international accounting criterions as a gambit by the economically superior states to enforce criterions on them.another(prenominal) unfavorable judgment points to the really nature of accounting. Accounting is a fl exible pattern that is it can be modified to accommodate a assortment of state of affairss. The statement here is that if accounting criterions are harmonized it would lose its flexibleness. The job would be whether the internationally set criterions would be able to fit the broad scene of phases of economic development, national fortunes and legal systems.A inquiry on quality may originate in fortunes where the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) , the organisation with the authorization of coming up with a consonant IAS, discover it hard to hold consentaneous understanding on some of the accounting criterions. The belief is that IASB would be laboured to do via medias so that the international accounting criterions it has come up with are accepted globally. These could connote that the criterions will be permissive and unequal.Nobes and Parker suggest that companies would hold to edify their investors about possible inauspicious effects that this convergence of in ternational accounting criterions could hold on the net incomes and liabilities they get to describe. They are of the position that harmonisation of IAS could learn volatility into the balance sheets of some transnational corporations. This could be unsafe to these companies as their net incomes may be lowered ( 77 ) .Advantages of holding a consonant international accounting criterion ( IAS )The grandest benefit that would move from convergence of IAS would be the easiness of comparing international fiscal information. This relaxation of comparings would extinguish one of the life-sizedgest hindrances to the flow of international investing that is it will decrease the up-to-the-minute scruples on the dependability of fiscal statements from foreign states.Harmonization of IAS would salvage clip and money. Presently, to follow with the different national Torahs or pattern of different states so much clip and money is spent to roll up fiscal information in the cases where more th an one set of studies is demanded.Choi, Frost and Meek claim that harmonisation will raise the accounting criterions passim the universe to the highest possible degree because it will be less hard to look into for consistence with local anaesthetic societal, legal and economic conditions ( 34 ) . This would be particularly good to international accounting houses with clients of houses, and whose operations consist of at least one foreign subordinate because they will be able to make comparings without special digests. Nobes and Parker write that states which lack equal statute criterions of accounting and scrutinizing would besides stand to profit from the convergence of international accounting criterions ( 38 ) . other benefit that International Accounting houses could obtain with respects to the harmonisation of accounting patterns will be the decreased disbursals that they normally incur for motion of staff across national boundaries. This is because they would hold eliminat ed staff preparation costs and cost-of-time incurred on larning different accounting systems.Having a consonant IAS lessens the undertaking for fiscal analysts, investors, and foreign loaners who will so be in a purify place to grok the fiscal statements of foreign companies. Samuels and Piper position this as a encouragement with respects to doing it easier to raise foreign capital ( 56 ) . In add-on to that, the fiscal analysts, investors, and foreign loaners would besides be able to compare the different investing chances as they seek to do consistent, sound and more accurate investing determinations.National revenue enhancement governments are besides bound to profit from holding a standardised accounting system because they would be able to calculate net income based on matching accounting rules and patterns.OMalley ( 1993 ) adds that the being of international accounting and revelation criterions would do the procedure of carry oning operational and competitory analyses need ed to carry on concerns across the Earth simpler. In add-on to this, fiscal executives will besides happen it better for them to pull off cardinal relationships with providers, clients and others.Finally, those who stand to profit the most out of the convergence of international accounting criterions would be the Multi-national companies. This is because it would so be faster and less resource demanding to pass on fiscal information within their regional, national and international concerns.The disadvantages of holding a consonant IowaNobes and Parker outlines the most cardinal obstructions to harmonisation as being three, viz. the economic and political systems differences among states some states lack strong professional accounting organic structures and the prevailing differences of the current accounting criterions in different states ( 25 ) .Even in instances where the figures for say a concern are generated utilizing the same international accounting rules, states would st ill exhibit significant differences, economic and/or cultural, that would prevent simple readings. Accounting criterions are a contemplation of a given society s demands and positions for illustration the Gallic Commercial Code is much more compliance-oriented than the U.S. or British accounting regulations, which strongly convey the constructs of loveliness and substance over signifier ( Diaconu 6 ) .Saudagaran points out that patriotism is besides another major threat to harmonisation. He argues that states are wont to be wary of yielding control of their accounting ordinance to foreigners at the slightest perceptual experience that it will be replacing its ain accounting ordinances with those of another state ( 1-7 ) .Another disadvantage of holding a consonant IAS is that all the authoritiess of these different states will hold to keenly lift their accounting policies with criterions and processs predominating in other states. This is an excess load in the sense that authoriti ess may be required to put up organisations to make these coordination activities. Diaconu besides tells us that while convergence may be taking topographic point, authoritiess must happen ways to cut down negative influences from abroad from pervading their criterions while seeking ways to maximise on absorbing the positive influences coming from abroad ( 5 ) .States in the universe have different users who have different demands. For illustration a state that largely lends to other states has dissimilar demands to a state that borrows or owes. This implies that the consonant IAS that could be proposed could be excessively complex for one state or excessively simple for another, depending on the alone demands of their industries, authoritiess and investors. A perfect illustration for such a quandary state of affairs could be the magnitude of divergency between the demands of smaller concern entities and the demands of big multinationals in developing states.A factor that the conson ant international accounting criterion will necessitate to see is the different degrees of edification, human resource and influence among different national accounting professionals. The IAS could stop up being excessively sophisticated for certain states particularly in the underdeveloped universe.RecommendationsInternational organic structures must make more to advance international convergence of accounting criterions. International organisations such as the World commerce Organization, the IMF, G7 and the World Bank are progressively playing bigger functions with the increasing volume of planetary trade. They are besides holding more influence over their rank which they could utilize to advance harmonisation of IAS.transnational corporations need to show prima(p). The rapid addition in economic globalisation has led to mushrooming of multinationals. These transnational corporations overdue to their monolithic turnovers and net incomes are able to act upon determination shape rs and policy shapers. By showing leading through recommending for usage of and practically utilizing harmonized accounting criterions would better the thrust towards credence of convergence of international accounting criterions.Leading concern schools that produce the bulk of the universe s concern leaders besides have an of import function to play. They should be encouraged to offer classs that are biased towards usage of accounting criterions geared towards convergence. If the immature MBAs are encouraged to follow the consonant international accounting criterion ( IAS ) way so we would anticipate minimum opposition towards this enterprise in the hereafter.Communication may be good therefore far but we still need to set more accent on communicating and interaction between different states, between states and professional umbrella accounting organic structures and between states and the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) .Irvine and Lucas recommend that for develop ing states and emerging economic systems appropriate regulative systems will necessitate to be developed so as to get the better of some of their cultural issues. They argue that the proposed harmonized IAS is brooding of western-oriented accounting criterions, regulative substructure and civilization ( 2 ) . Therefore other than merely proclaiming the benefits to be accrued with the acceptance of IFRS the development states and emerging economic systems will necessitate to be convinced to bribe into the thought.DecisionHarmonized international accounting criterions ( IAS ) are an indispensable constituent of the quickly globalized economic system. This matching of accounting criterions will add additions to the universe economic system through the proviso of more perfect information, facilitation of international minutess and minimising exchange costs. Through a consonant IAS the universe s economic policy think armored battle vehicles and policy shapers would be availed with st andardised information that would be good in determination devising. Furthermore, a harmonisation of international accounting policy would assist make a flat playing field in the universe, for case regulators would be having the same information and therefore doing the rating procedure closer to the ideal state of affairs. In fact, we could boldly asseverate that with international accounting criterions ( IAS ) harmonized, the universe s resources will be better utilised.However we can non minimize the unfavorable judgments and disadvantages that we have mentioned in this paper. Information communicating engineering and telecommunications convergence has quickly provided us with the tools necessary to do international accounting criterions convergence a possibility to be aimed at. All said, the benefits for holding a standardised IAS do outweigh the demerits.