Domestic Violence And Sexual Violence - 859 Words

Domestic violence occurs in all economic, ethnic, and social backgrounds of every society of the world. In Canada, 546, 000 men suffer from domestic violence; that equates to 6% of the male population (Family Violence). The number of women who are victimized through intimate violence total around 653, 000; that equates to 7% of the female population (Family Violence). The amount of abuse being directed towards men is essentially the same amount that is directed towards women. However, the family Violence has on the parent-child relationships referring to the father as the abuser or the perpetrator of domestic violence and the mother as the victim of domestic violence. Both men and women are abused; however, there is lack of research and lack of awareness that leading father’s being the victim and mother’s being the perpetrators. A study done by Denise Hines, a professor of psychology at Clark University, found that men who attempted to contact police, domestic violence agencies, and abuse hotlines were because â€Å"Police that focus on severe violence by men towards women† ( Hines and Douglas). Background literature family violence According to this literature insight a different perspective about the research dealing with domestic violence has also focused mainly on women as victims and men as perpetrator. The extent of abuse against men is more terrifying than terrified, feeling humiliated than they are of being battered because† the belief the police would not take anyShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence1411 Words   |  6 PagesThe term domestic violence is defined as the deliberate frightening, sexual and physical assault, or a behavior that is abusive or intolerable to others as a part of the regular sequence of power and the domination executed by one confidant companion to the other. The patterns of domestic violence usually comprise of the sexual violence, abusing the partner emotionally, psychological assault, and the physical violence. It is dramatic that how the severity and the frequency of the occurrences of theRead MoreDomestic Violenc e And Sexual Violence1237 Words   |  5 Pages1.0 Introduction Domestic violence or intimate partner violence can occur in any type of relationship. There are many types of domestic violence including; social, physical, emotional and spiritual. Domestic violence is all about one person wanting control and power over the other and it can be expressed in many ways. It can occur in more than one way such as; coercion, threats, intimidation, isolation, stalking, sexual abuse, and economic abuse. It can also be a single act or a pattern of behaviourRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence1237 Words   |  5 Pages1.0 Introduction Domestic violence or intimate partner violence can occur in any type of relationship. There are many types of domestic violence including; social, physical, emotional and spiritual. Domestic violence is all about one person wanting control and power over the other and it can be expressed in many ways. It can occur in more than one way such as; coercion, threats, intimidation, isolation, stalking, sexual abuse, and economic abuse. It can also be a single act or a pattern of behaviourRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence, also labeled as family violence and intimate-partner violence, is psychological, physical and sexual violence that takes place within home environment. Adults and children can both be victims. Domestic violence is a major human rights issue across the world, and one of New Zealand’s most serious social issues. One in three women in Aotearoa will experience an abusive relationship, with many more coming dangerously close. Reason Domestic violences occurs when the abuser wantingRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence3281 Words   |  14 Pagesappropriate definition of domestic violence is to clearly distinguish domestic violence from physical violence in general. Due to its nature, cases of domestic violence require specific treatment and perspective as it can be identified in many concealed forms and would not leave behind physical wounds. Therefore to know the types and forms of violence the victims have to face is crucial to develop a legal response. Walter (1969) gave a comprehensive definition of violence as â€Å"destructive harm includingRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence1535 Words   |  7 Pageslifetime (Domestic Violence Statistics, 2015). The topic that will be studied with the paper is intimate partner violence or another term that can be used is domestic violence. Domestic violence or intimate partner violence is the systematic pattern or control or power perpetuated by one partner against another (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, n.d.). Throughout the paper the term domestic violence and intimate violence will be used interchangeably. The misconception is that domestic violenceRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Abuse881 Words   |  4 Pagesallegations of domestic abuse against current players. In it, a woman phones the police, forced to pretend to be ordering a pizza in order to not raise suspicion from her abuser, who is in the room with her. The creator of the commercial, No More, is an advocacy group that is working to end domestic violence and sexual abuse. On their website, they cite the 2013 Avon Foundation for Women’s NO MORE study, which found that while nearly two thirds of Americans know a victim of domestic or sexual abuse, thoseRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Harassment1645 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Violence is an ever growing problem across the globe. In particular, violence against women is at an all time high. Although many cases of violence against women are reported, it is in statistical data that half of all cases are not reported. Some are not reported because of fears, relationship severances, and other unknown reasons. The main types of abuse on women are domestic and sexual harassment (Nosheen, 2011). Follow this paper carefully while it takes you on an expedition ofRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Abuse1478 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review Background of Study ​Anger and violence happen at every level in the family, which ultimately destroys the family life, and it happens with couples, parents, children and also siblings. However, females have primarily been the target of violence (Payne Wermeling, 2009). Domestic abuse is often recurring and it signifies that one partner in the relationship threatens the other psychologically, economically and sexually by harming them physically or threatening to harm themRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Abuse1431 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic violence by definition is a violent or aggressive way of being within the confines of the home; in most occasions it is typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. There are various cues that display an abuse relationship; domestic violence is just the definition of the type of abuse itself. Abusive individuals that are most likely to commit domestic violence actions are said to need to feel in charge of the relationship. They will make decisions for you and the family

Common Performance Related Problems For Health Care...

INTRODUCTION Team work is a crucial element in all organisations especially in health care facility which caters to the needs of elderly clients wherein the safety and the lives of the clients are at stake. The requirements for any organisation to achieve success are team cooperation, unity, and most importantly, a shared vision. In a team where there are members who are different from one another, especially with the old staff and new team members, conflicts may arise that may compromise the quality of service being delivered to our clients (University of Minnesota, 2008). Common Performance Related Problems are the following: 1. Poor Time Management †¢ Poor prioritisation, timing and scheduling †¢ Lost time o Tardiness, absenteeism, leaving without proper authorisation o Excessive phone use, break time o Misuse of sick leave †¢ Slow response to work requests, untimely completion of assignments 2. Lack of coordination and poor communication 3. Inappropriate Behaviours (poor attitude) †¢ Negativism, unwillingness to cooperation, hostility †¢ Insubordination †¢ Refusal to take responsibility (passing the buck) †¢ Failure or refusal to follow instructions 4. Resistance to change †¢ Resistance to policy, procedure, work method changes †¢ Unwillingness, refusal or inability to update skills †¢ Lack of flexibility in response to problems An effective team makes use of the skills and potentials of each member and synergise it to develop solutions to the problem encountered inShow MoreRelatedPatient Safety Is A Major Concern For All Health Care1618 Words   |  7 Pagesa major concern for all health care providers. Two areas of safety that are relevant to my practice in an outpatient surgical center are medication errors and the electronic error reporting. The Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN) is the organization that was used to support my project. The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) Initiative competency that was chosen for my indirect clinical project (ICP) was safety. Everyone in the health care environment wants to be keptRead MoreThe Impact of Health Insurance Plans on Health Organizations870 Words   |  3 Pagesasked about their views on health insurance plans and its impact on their health organization. They discussed about the major health outcomes that are seen because of health insurance plans. Majority people stated that insurance plans are strongly related to improved health outcomes. Since, the access to the health care is easier and affordable so people take care of their health more appropriately. People easily obtain preventive and screening services, mental health services and prescription drugRead MoreActive And Working : Managing Acute Low Back Pain Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagesworking adult has experienced back pain in their life. Acute back pain is very common especially for working adults. Nine out of ten people will feel either an acute or severe back pain at some time in their lives. The usual thinking of people is that if you are experiencing back pain, you should rest and just lie down. But if it is possible, it helps when you still stay active and at work to speed up recovery (National Health Committee, 2000). Back pain doesn’t only affect the person by the pain he/sheRead MoreHealth Care Of Keny A Public Health Problem Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesHealth care in Kenya Tropical diseases, especially malaria and tuberculosis, have long been a public health problem in Kenya. In recent years, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), also has become a severe problem. Estimates of the incidence of infection differ widely. General information of Health in Kenya: Kenya spent 5.1% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on healthcare in 2002. This was well below the high-income OECDRead MoreA Probabilistic Location Model for an Emergency Medical Service System1179 Words   |  5 PagesLocating emergency service facilities is an interesting problem. Planners do not know definitely, where emergencies will take place and, consequently, struggle to find a location that proficiently ensures the risk of poor service to any specific emergency is minimized. This paper is concerned with the formulation and the solution of a probabilistic model for determining the optimal location of emergency medical services (EMS) that supports servicing patients from different demand points in its areaRead MorePerformance of the Nursing Department in a Healthcare Institute941 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In any healthcare institute arrangements related to patient hygiene, medication management and other associated problems such as risk of falls are some common problems that need to be addressed and streamlined in an effective manner. The performance of the nursing department of any healthcare institute can easily be assessed through these components and whether they are being followed in a proper manner or not. For this the healthcare institute that has been chosen for this purposeRead MoreChallenges Faced By The Hospital1048 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause there are some problem with the growth of the hospital and the attempts made by the top management of the hospital to enhance its reach to maximum number of poor and undeserved citizens who were in dire need of medical treatment. The challenges of the quality care provided by hospital made the situation worst. That time people were not coming in the hospital with the private insurance. The budget pressure increased in the hospital a t that time and cost overrun was common in the hospital at thatRead MoreAutomated Supply Replenishment Systems Use A Computerized Information System1579 Words   |  7 Pagescomputer system and how to maintain it. Automated systems are preferred when there is a need for much information and item tracking that must be frequently reviewed to determine if more equipment or supplies are needed. Its benefits are related to size of the facility and the number of items being monitored. PAR-level system is a system that establishes a standard level for each supply item stored. These levels are set so there wouldn’t be the need for clinicians to order them manually. The currentRead MoreConcepts And Models Of Health And Human Services1392 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstand (A3) - concepts and models of health and human services (e.g., medical model, community model, education model, health and wellness model, person-centered care model, international classification of functioning, recovery model, and inclusion). According to the Medical Dictionary, the medical model puts emphasis on the disability using a problem-solving approach. It mainly focuses on the physical and biological aspects of the disease or illness. Medical care and treatment in a clinical settingRead MoreBuilding A Software Company For An Organization1643 Words   |  7 Pagescompany for an industry where information was mission critical. The founders quickly realized hospitals were organized inte rnally as silos and needed a method for coordinating care. They also understood that data generated in the silos could improve the quality and safety of health care if the information was shared in a common platform. In the 1980’s, Cerner created that platform. In 1984, Cerner rolled out its first software application, the PathNet Laboratory Information System. PathNet provided

Palliative Care for Dying - Death and Grief -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePalliative Care for Dying, Death and Grief. Answer: Grief and Bereavement It is a belief and something to the knowledge of everyone that death exists and through death more meaning is attached to our existence but it reminds us of how valuable and precious life is. It, therefore, becomes very stressful and emotional for an individual to lose a loved one. It becomes very hard and at time unbelievable that the people we loved and cherished are living no more hence the need to cope up with a situation of their non-existence(Kessler, 2016). When one loses a loved one he experiences bereavement which loosely means he is deprived of something by death. The occurrence death leads to an experience of a range of emotions including anger, disbelief, humiliation, confusion, shock, despair, sadness and guilt among others and in most cases people are not prepared for the duration and intensity of such emotions. Bereavement Bereavement refers to the grieving and acknowledging that a loved one is deceased. It is the condition of loss that an individual suffers when someone close to him has died. One of the greatest sorrows that an individual can experience is the loss of a loved one. Bereavement feelings can also be accompanied by other losses, for example, a termination of a vital relationship, deterioration in your health or the health of someone you care about(Worden J. W., 2013). Grief Grieving is the external or outward expression of ones loss and is normally expressed emotionally, physically and psychologically. Depression is a way of expressing grief psychologically while crying or mourning is a way of physical expression. Grief is accompanied by physical symptoms such as loss of appetite, energy loss, stomach pains, sleep disturbances and even intestinal upsets(Pattee, 2011). Mourning tests the natural defense system of an individual. At times profound emotional reactions may take place. Some of these reactions include depression, thoughts of suicide, anxiety attacks and chronic fatigue. The intensity of grief an individual experience is determined by the nature of the death and the relationship with the dead person. The death of a child creates a feeling of injustice to the bereaved and a loss of potential, unfulfilled dreams. It creates a sense of senseless suffering. On the other hand, the death of a spouse is traumatic and may culminate into a financial crisis. Everyone has his own way of expressing and feeling grief but there are certain stages that are common to the mourning process. It all begins with according that a loss has occurred and going on until the loss is finally accepted(Kessler, 2016). People grieving normally report crying spells and low productivity at work. This is due to the challenge that comes with accepting the situation at first. But as soon as the initial shock is eroded, feelings of anger replace the denial of the loss. The anger may be directed to nurses, God, oneself, the dead person, doctors or even other loved ones. Guilt, the presence of physical problems, hostility and continued thought of the dead person are indicators of grief. Through mourning, people learn to adapt to a loss and is usually a factor of the cultural rituals, customs and the rules of the society regarding coping with losses(Worden J. W., 2010). Stages of Grief Grief is a normal occurrence hence should not be treated as a condition for illness but instead, a natural response to that expresses towards the loss of someone important to an individual. The bereaved may experience a variety of emotion depending on a number of reasons among them ended relationships, loss of a job or demise of a loved one. Grief occurs in various stages as the individual struggles to come to terms with the current development. The common stages of grief include; Denial: This occurs at the first time of learning about a loss and in most cases treated as if it is an imagination as opposed to a reality(Kessler, 2016). It may be accompanied by shock or even numb and expresses a temporary way of handling the sudden overwhelming emotions. Denial is used as a defense mechanism against coming to terms with a loss and the shock that comes with it. Through denial, we block out words about the loss and shy away from facts. Anger: A feeling of frustration and helpless crops in when the reality dawns as individual experiences the pain of the loss. Such feelings are turned into anger thereafter and may be direct to life as a whole, God or even other people including doctors, nurses, other loved ones or the deceased. Rationally, it is to our understanding that the deceased is not to blame for the occurrence but still due to emotions resent the person for leaving us or causing us pain. It is equally natural to be angry with the deceased and a feeling of being left alone(Strada, 2013). Bargaining: At this stage, the bereaved tend to focus on what he could do in order to prevent the loss from occurring. Such thoughts as what if.' and if only.' Tend to strike the mind and leaves the bereaved partly blaming self for the loss. At times, with the aim of protecting us from the painful reality with us, an individual is attempted to make deals with God secretly in a bid to postpone what cannot be evaded(Mallon, 2010). Depression: As one begins to comprehend the loss and the effects it has come with in his life he experiences sadness. Depression occurs in two types and is usually associated with mourning. The initial depression is a response to the practical effects associated with the loss and is predominated by regret and sadness(Turner, 2017). Loss of or decrease in appetite, crying and even sleep issues are the signs of depression that the bereaved is likely to experience. There may be also feelings of loneliness, overwhelm and regrets. This depression can be eased by reassurance and simple clarification through the use of a few kind words. The second depression type is more private and subtle and involves a preparation to detach and bid our loved ones farewell. At times a hug does significantly in improving this form of depression. Acceptance: This the final stage of grief, one comes to terms with the loss experienced and understands that the situation cannot be reversed(Worden J. W., 2013). At this stage, the individual is able to move forward with life despite sadness resulting from the loss. These stages of grief are experienced by every individual who experiences a loss even though they may not be experienced in a logical manner. Some people may go through them in a back and forth manner while others may skip or two of them. Such events as anniversaries tend to remind of a loss and may, in turn, return the lost grief. Worden's Four Tasks of Mourning Worden, while explaining on the Four Tasks of Mourning in his book, he claims that there are four tasks that an individual must accomplish in order to complete the mourning process and the reestablishment of the equilibrium to occur(Mallon, 2010). He states that there is no order of the four tasks but there exists a natural order of the completion such that the completion of one culminates into the beginning of another. The four tasks include; Admitting the actual occurrence of the loss Understanding and accepting the pain of grief Adjusting or adapting to an environment of non-existence of the deceased Finding a long-lasting link with the dead person as one embarks on starting a new life(Strada, 2013) Accepting the actual occurrence of the loss: The death of someone comes with a sense of disbelief which is literally defined as denial. Supporting the bereaved in achieving both the emotional and intellectual realization of the actual death of a loved one is important. Some of the ways of accepting the reality among them performing the funerals and memorial rituals and beginning to talk about the deceased person in past tense, Worden says(Worden J. W., 2010). Accepting the significance of the loss as well as the death mechanism makes accomplishing this task a bit of a challenge. Deaths by suicide, stigma or overdose are quite difficult to accept(Almeida, 2014). Being stuck in grief and feel trapped in obsessive thoughts as well as about the relationship is an indication of not coming to terms with all the aspects of the loss. Acceptance, in this case, refers to the readiness to begin a new journey of healing and may not be taken to mean approval or severing ties to the past. Understanding and accepting the pain: The second task is about working through the pain brought by the grief. This encompasses identifying the emotions associated with the grief that one is likely to experience and work through them(Turner, 2017). Such emotions may include emptiness, sadness, anger, anxiety, longing, numbness or confusion. This stage is considered to be the adaptive stage. It is important to note that the prescription of grief is to grieve implying that there is no mechanism of getting around grief other than going through it. Through this task, Worden recognizes that each individual and each loss requires working through a range of emotions. Recognizing, talking about and fathoming the complex emotions that come with the grief are important in the accomplishment of this task. The only danger at this task is attempting to avoid and deny ones feelings. This stage may cause such effects as loss of appetite, complete exhaustion, sore muscles and difficulty in decision making and hence it is important that one is patient and permit the feelings to wash over so as to process them. Proper self-care should be observed at this stage and such strategies as proper eating, sleeping well, engaging in physical exercises and spending time with other people should be deployed(Almeida, 2014). Adjusting to an environment of the non-existence of the deceased: In task three, Worden acknowledges the roles affected by the loss and the relationship with the deceased. This task takes time to be accomplished and depends much on internal, external and spiritual adjustments. With time the normal routine duties will need to be resumed. It would take quite long enough time to realize the roles that the loved ones were performing ranging from companionship, parenting, paying bills(William, 2012). Depending on the relationship with the deceased person, adjusting to a new environment means different things to different people besides the responsibilities the deceased were undertaking. The task is achievable by developing the required skills to confidently move forward in the new spiritual, internal and external environment(Pattee, 2011). The non-existence of the loved one calls for an adjustment to a new spiritual environment caused by the demise of the loved one. To successfully achieve this task, the bereaved needs to be equipped with various new skills and tasks among them living alone, a redefinition of one's perception to self in the absence of the other person and being an only child. To successfully accomplish this task, one may consider asking for help should there need be. Task four involves an everlasting connection with the deceased as one embarks on a new life. This basically means finding a link in the emotional lives with the deceased as we allow ourselves to continue with life. It entails allowing memories and thoughts and at the same time engaging in activities which bring pleasure and comfort i.e. new relationships or new activities. According to Worden, failing to accomplish this task amounts to not living(William, 2012). To him, it means life stopped as soon as the loved one died and the bereaved is not able to find any meaning in life again. This perception comes up when the believed person gives a different look to the connection to the deceased. Achieving this task takes a long time(Kessler, 2016). The relationship with a deceased loved one tends to change and evolves as the life of the bereaved is changing over time. At times the bereaved feels closer to the loved one while at other times one may feel to invite the deceased with the to a party. A member of one's spiritual or religious community may help in finding an everlasting connection with the deceased. In summary, it is practically impossible to alter the fact that a loved one is gone but instead have a variety of choices to choose from on how to respond. While others may choose to remain wrapped up in sorrow, others may choose to be happy in a world without them which may be perceived to be betrayal and diminishing to them. We can choose to heal from grief and learn to bring back the lost happiness ad joy to our lives thereby enabling a new forward life. According to Worden the process of mourning is only fully completed when the four tasks are accomplished. References Almeida, R. (2014). The Politics of Mourning: Grief Management in Cross-cultural Fiction. New York: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. Kessler, D. (2016). On Grief and Grieving: Finding the Meaning of Grief Through the Five Stages of Loss. Chicago: Simon and Schuster. Mallon, B. (2010). Dying, Death and Grief: Working with Adult Bereavement. Manchester: SAGE. Pattee, K. L. (2011). Helping to Facilitate Normal Grief: A Workbook for Psychotherapists Using Worden's Four Tasks of Mourning. California: California State University, Northridge. Strada, E. A. (2013). Grief and Bereavement in the Adult Palliative Care Setting. New York: OUP USA. Turner, J. H. (2017). Handbook of the Sociology of Emotions. London: Springer Science Business Media. William, W. J. (2012). Grief Counselling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner. New York: Routledge. Worden, J. W. (2010). Grief Counselling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner. New York: Routledge. Worden, J. W. (2013). Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy, Fourth Edition: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner. London: Springer Publishing Company.

Toyota Company free essay sample

Company Background INTRODUCTION Toyota is one of the world’s best-known and most successful businesses, building cars and trucks in 27 countries for sale in more than 170 markets around the globe. Worldwide production was 9. 5 million (8. 5 million for Toyota and Lexus brand vehicles) in 2007, placing Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) firmly among the world’s leading vehicle manufacturers. This result keeps it on course to achieve its ambition of becoming the world number one by the end of the decade, with a 15 per cent market share. Toyota global production in 2006 was more than nine million vehicles. That’s the equivalent of one car coming off the production line every 3. 5 seconds, every minute, every hour, every day. A key element in Toyota’s success is its commitment to designing, engineering and building cars in the world regions where they will be sold. In Europe, this local manufacturing policy was launched in 1989 with the founding of Toyota Motor Manufacturing UK, just ahead of the opening of Toyota’s first European production centres: a car plant at Burnaston, near Derby, and an engine factory at Deeside, in North Wales. We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Company or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page UK production has risen steadily and Toyota has become a key player in the nation’s manufacturing industry. With more than 75 per cent of its UK output destined for export, Toyota also makes a valuable contribution to the national balance of payments. Burnaston is responsible for worldwide production of the Toyota Avensis and has the distinction of being the first Toyota factory to export cars to the company’s â€Å"home† market in Japan. In 2004 Toyota invested a further ? 50 million to increase production at Burnaston to 285,000 vehicles a year and in 2005 TMUK’s achievements were recognised with the Queen’s Award for International Trade. More investment followed in 2008, with the announcement of ? 88 million for the launch of production of a new petrol engine at Deeside from 2009. Britain remains an important and vibrant market for new car sales. Toyota (GB) PLC is the company responsible for sales, marketing, after sales and customer relations, employing more than 400 people at a landmark headquarters building in Surrey. In 2007 it reported its 15th year in a row of record sales, consolidating the UK’s position as one of Toyota’s strongest European markets. Toyota (GB) PLC headquarters in Epsom, Surrey. Toyota Motor Corporation includes the Toyota, Lexus and Daihatsu brands, Hino trucks and the youth-focused North American marque Scion. TOYOTA HISTORY The Toyota success story is built on innovation, both in terms of its products and the processes by which they are made. In 1918, Sakichi Toyoda revolutionised the weaving industry with his invention of an automatic loom. The proceeds from the sale of his patent to a British firm – Platt Brothers of Oldham – provided his son Kichiro with the finances to make a start in the developing car industry. The pioneering work practices that Sakichi had developed for his loom business were easily adapted to the new automotive operation and in 1936 the first prototype car, the Toyoda AA, was completed. Sakichi Toyoda prepared his car manufacturing business by visiting the USA and observing Ford’s production lines. Back home he adapted that system to suit the smaller number of cars to be built in his own factory. The following year the Toyota Motor Corporation was formed with an investment of about ? 300,000. It had a tough time establishing itself, as the Japanese car market was dominated by American imports from Ford and General Motors. World War II also threatened to destroy the enterprise, but Toyota survived and in 1947 celebrated building its 100,000th vehicle. In the 1950s Toyota laid the foundations for a new system of manufacturing vehicles. This was developed into the Toyota Production System, an exceptionally efficient set of principles that have been widely used and adapted within the motor industry and beyond. At the same time as it was honing its manufacturing processes, Toyota was also looking closely at how to design and engineer more desirable and competitive products for international markets. Sales companies were set up in Taiwan and Saudi Arabia before overseas production began, albeit on a small scale, in Brazil in 1959. It was in the early 1960s that Toyota began importing cars to Europe, first to Denmark. In 1965 it entered the UK market, launching the Corona saloon at the Earls Court Motor Show. The following year the original Corolla was launched, the first appearance of what was destined to become the world’s most successful model range with sales of more than 30 million worldwide. In 1965, the price tag on the Corona, Toyota’s first UK model, was ? 1,000. That’s the equivalent of about ? 12,000 in today’s money. The Corolla made its debut in the UK in 1966 Toyota’s interests have not been confined to the automotive sector. Beyond its original textile weaving business, the company has expanded into prefabricated housing, telecommunications and boat-building. Its global activities continue to grow and in 2005 production of the Aygo city car began at a new factory in the Czech Republic, a joint venture between Toyota and Peugeot Citroen PSA, and a new engine plant in Poland came on stream, building a new generation of diesel engines. In December 2007 Toyota opened its first factory in Russia, to build Camry models. TOYOTA (GB) PLC Toyota (GB) PLC is the national marketing and sales company for Toyota and Lexus vehicles in the UK. That makes it responsible for all sales, marketing, after sales and customer relations issues nationwide. The company’s headquarters are at Great Burgh, a purpose-built, landmark building near Epsom, Surrey, where all principle operations are co-ordinated by a staff of more than 400 people. Vehicle imports are through a facility at Portbury, near Bristol, and sales are handled by a national network of around 200 Toyota and 50 Lexus centres. In early 2003 a dedicated network of Toyota Business Centres was established within the sales network to cater specifically for commercial customers for both cars and light commercial vehicles. In 2007 Toyota sold 133,545 new Toyota and Lexus cars and 9,891 light commercial vehicles in the UK. Toyota UK Sales YEAR 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 TOYOTA 70,411 79,298 77,799 83,621 98,154 104,498 117,531 121,081 122,534 117,811 118,432 TOYOTA LCV 6,550 7,924 6,540 6,316 5,774 7,277 6,638 6,968 5,454 6,532 9,891 LEXUS 2,054 3,269 6,904 8,934 11,335 9,452 9,527 10,047 10,548 14,491 15,113 TOTAL SALES 79,015 82,567 84,703 98,871 115,263 121,227 133,696 138,096 138,536 139,034 143,436 National Training Centres Toyota pays close attention to providing focused, high quality training, recognising that quality of service and efficiency depend on the development of individual skills. In 2002 a ? 3 million complex was opened at Nottingham Trent University, housing the Toyota and Lexus Academies. These skills centres are equipped with classrooms, showrooms, a training workshop and a body/paint shop that can handle up to 10,000 delegates a year. In partnership with the university, both formal qualifications and professional development programmes are offered. Toyota’s training opportunities extend to a successful apprentice scheme for inmates at the Aylesbury Young Offenders Institution. Several young men have gone on to worthwhile careers in the motor industry after their release. In addition to the academies, Toyota operates a national dealer training centre at Salfords, near Gatwick. European – Global Production Training Centre In spring 2005, Toyota announced a new European production training centre would be built in the UK. The ? 11. 2 million facility was constructed in the grounds of the Burnaston plant and opened in Spring 2006. Known as E-GPC (European – Global Production Training Centre), it provides skills training in production and maintenance for up to 1,000 employees a year from Toyota manufacturing operations across Europe. E-GPC is an extension of Toyota’s Global Production Centre, which opened in Toyota City, Japan, in 2003. UK PRODUCT RANGE With nine passenger models and three light commercial vehicles, Toyota has one of the largest product ranges on the UK market. In addition, there are five Lexus luxury and sport models. Outline details of the range are given below. Toyota Aygo †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ City car, launched in summer 2005 Toyota’s smallest model for the European market Available with the world’s lightest and most fuel efficient 1. 0-litre petrol engine Built in the Czech Republic Toyota Yaris †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Second-generation model launched January 2006 Three and five-door hatchbacks 1. 0,1. 3 and 1. 8-litre petrol and 1. 4-litre diesel engines Built in France Toyota’s best-selling model in Europe Toyota Auris †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Three and five-door hatchbacks All-new model launched in February 2007 Designed from the â€Å"inside out† to maximise usable cabin space 1. 4 and 1. 6-litre petrol and 1. 4, 2. 0 and 2. 2-litre diesel engines Built in the UK and Turkey Toyota Verso †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Seven-seat compact MPV Toyota Easy Flat system for folding all rear seats into vehicle floor 1. and 1. 8-litre VVT-i petrol and 2. 0 and 2. 2-litre D-4D diesel engines Built in Turkey Toyota Avensis †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Upper-medium saloon, hatchback and Tourer estate Flagship of Toyota’s European model range, designed in Europe and built exclusively in the UK 1. 8 and 2. 0-litre V VT-i petrol and 2. 0 and 2. 2-litre D-4D diesel engines. Awarded top five-star rating for occupant crash protection in Euro NCAP testing Toyota Prius †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ World’s cleanest family car Five-door, five-seat saloon Powered by Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive, a combination of 1. -litre petrol engine and 500-Volt electric motor European Car of the Year 2005 Built in Japan Toyota RAV4 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Third-generation RAV4 launched February 2006 Five-door sports-utility vehicle Europe’s best-selling SUV 2. 0 VVT-i petrol and 2. 2-litre D-4D diesel engines Built in Japan Toyota Land Cruiser †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ World’s best-selling SUV, with heritage of more than 50 years 3. 0-litre D-4D and 4. 0-litre V6 petrol engines Three and five-door body styles with seating for up to eight Built in Japan Toyota Land Cruiser V8 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Toyota’s most advanced 44 New 4. -litre V8 diesel engine World’s first four-wheel Active Height Control and Adaptive Variable Suspension UK launch mid-February 2008, replacing Land Cruiser Amazon Built in Japan Toyota Hiace †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Short and long wheelbase vans 94 and 115bhp 2. 5-litre D-4D diesel engines Gross vehicle weights from 2. 8 to 3. 0 tonnes Built in Japan Toyota Hilux †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Robust pick-up More than 12 million sold worldwide 118bhp 2. 5-litre and 169bhp 3. 0-litre D-4D diesel engines First car to be driven to the Magnetic North Pole (2007) Built in South Africa Toyota Dyna †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Dropside and chassis cab light commercial vehicles 109bhp 3. -litre D-4D diesel engine Payload capacity up to 1. 5 tonnes Built in Portugal Lexus IS 250/220d/IS F †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Second generation IS launched December 2005 Prestige compact sports saloon New 2. 5-litre V6 VVT-i petrol engine and Lexus’s first diesel †“ a 2. 2-litre 175bhp unit – in the IS 220d Number one-ranked vehicle in 2006 and 2007 J. D. Power and Associates UK customer satisfaction survey High performance IS F due for launch in April 2008 Lexus GS 300/460/450h †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ New-generation executive sports saloon, launched spring 2005 3. 0 V6 and 4. -litre V8 VVT-i petrol engines Hybrid power GS 450h combines 3. 5-litre V6 petrol engine with high-output electric motor Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) GS 460 equipped with new 342bhp 4. 6-litre V8, launched January 2008 Lexus LS 460/600h †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Fourth generation of the Lexus flagship saloon, launched in January 2007 4. 6-litre V8 Dual-VVT-i petrol engine World’s first eight-speed automatic transmission World-leading preventive safety systems Hybrid power LS 600h limousine, flagship of the Lexus range, launched October 2007 LS 600h L, the first long-wheelbase Lexus Lexus SC 430 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Luxury sports coupe convertible 4. 3-litre V8 VVT-i petrol engine Fully retracting aluminium hard top Luxury specification includes bespoke Mark Levinson hi-fi system Lexus RX 350/400h †¢ †¢ Second generation of the original premium SUV RX 350 equipped with 3. 5-litre V6 VVT-i petrol engine †¢ †¢ †¢ Permanent four-wheel drive RX 400h powered by Hybrid Synergy Drive, combining 3. 3-litre V6 petrol engine and front and rear electric motors for low emissions and improved efficiency Electric motors provide RX 400h with E-Four electric four-wheel drive on demand TOYOTA (GB) PLC TIME LINE Toyota began importing vehicles into the UK in 1965 through an agreement with a small family firm, Pride and Clark. In 1967 the company changed its name to Toyota (GB) Ltd and in 1978 became part of the Inchcape group, a public company with international interests in a wide range of automotive businesses. In 1998, Toyota’s agreement with Inchcape came to an end and Toyota Motor Corporation took a 51 per cent majority shareholding in Toyota (GB) Ltd. In 1999, the company became a Public Limited Company and in 2000 TMC took complete ownership of Toyota (GB) PLC. TOYOTA MOTOR MANUFACTURING UK LTD The UK has the distinction of having been chosen by Toyota for the location of its first European manufacturing centres. Toyota’s decision to build factories here was influenced by a broad range of issues, including: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ A strong tradition of car manufacturing Availability of a skilled labour force A strong domestic car market Easy access to parts and components suppliers Good communications links with the rest of Europe Encouragement and help from local and national government Both the car plant at Burnaston, near Derby, and the engine factory at Deeside, in North Wales, came on stream in 1992. Toyota has continued to invest in its UK operations, spending more than ? 1. 83 billion to date. The first model to be built at Burnaston – and the first Toyota car to be built in Europe – was the Carina E. This was followed in 1997 by the first generation Avensis and, from 1998, hatchback versions of the Corolla. In 2007 Corolla production made way for five-door versions of Toyota’s new Auris hatchback. Burnaston remains the exclusive global production centre for Avensis. Burnaston’s key role in Toyota’s manufacturing strategy was confirmed when it was named as the world production centre for the current generation Avensis: saloon, hatchback and Tourer estate car models are all built at the plant for both UK and overseas markets. Burnaston has the distinction of being the only Toyota factory to export Toyota models back to Japan, the Avensis being launched on the domestic market in 2004. In May 2004, Toyota announced investment of ? 0 million in the Burnaston factory to boost annual production capacity to 285,000 vehicles in order to meet the rapid growth in customer demand in Europe. Around 70 per cent of production is exported to Europe, with a further 15 per cent to 70 countries worldwide. The factory is Toyota’s largest European production base, in terms of both production capacity and volume, and it ranks as the European motor industry’s second most productive car plant overall. Its standards have been recognised with the Sir George Earle Trophy for health and safety performance, awarded in 2001. Deeside has also enjoyed increased investment and development. Production capacity has been increased and in 2002 a new aluminium casting process was installed, enabling machined parts to be made for worldwide export to other Toyota engine factories. Subsequently investment was agreed to introduce machining and casting operations for Toyota’s ZR 1. 6-litre petrol engine for Auris. On the day that engine went into production, in March 2008, Toyota announced plans for an additional ? 88 million investment in the plant to build a new 1. 3-litre petrol engine for Auris from late 2009. This takes total investment in Deeside to ? 88 million. In February 2007 the factory celebrated building its three millionth engine. Currently it employs more than 650 people, producing engines for the UK-built Auris and Avensis models and engine sets for assembly in France and Turkey. TMUK’s achievements were further honoured in 2005 with a Queen’s Award for International Trade. Betwee n 2002 and 2006, TMUK doubled its overseas export values to around ? 2 billion; the company’s net contribution to the UK’s balance of payments is typically more than ? 500 million a year. In addition Toyota’s European operations spend around â‚ ¬2 billion (approximately ? 1. billion) a year with UK suppliers. Production in 2007 TMUK at Burnaston produced 277,787 vehicles (145,626 Avensis and 120,322 Auris and 11,839 Corolla). Output at Deeside comprised 188,057 assembled engines and 159,302 machined engine sets for export to Toyota plants around the world. THE EUROPEAN PROFILE Toyota’s growing presence in Europe, as a designer, manufacturer and retailer of vehicles, is reflected in a strategically organised network of operations. Toyota’s European head office is in Brussels, home to key activities for Toyota and Lexus across the Continent, covering the European Union and beyond. These include overseeing all manufacturing and engineering operations, marketing, sales, network development and brand management, public relations, strategic and product planning, logistics, customer services, aftersales and human resources/business administration issues. The Yaris is Toyota’s best-selling model in Europe, accounting for one in four of all vehicle sales. The second generation Yaris, built at Toyota’s production centre in Valenciennes, France, was launched in January 2006. Toyota’s investment in Europe since 1990 stands at more than â‚ ¬6 billion (approximately ? . 2 billion). Europe-wide it employs approximately 80,000 people, directly and through its sales and distribution network. Toyota’s holding company for the region (which extends beyond the boundaries of the European Union) is Toyota Motor Europe (TME), created in 2002. On 1 October 2005, TME merged with its two subsidiary companies, Toyota Motor Marketing Europe (TMME), which o versees marketing and sales activities, and Toyota Motor Engineering and Manufacturing Europe (TMEM), which supports Toyota’s manufacturing operations and research and development activities. Although the businesses were incorporated into TME, TMME and TMEM maintained their individual functions and operating structures. European manufacturing Toyota began selling vehicles in Europe in 1963. It has established itself as one of the strongest brands in the European market and also developed a new role as a manufacturer, with production centres in six countries. The first Toyota vehicles to be built in Europe were manufactured under licence in Portugal from 1971. Toyota launched its own European production in the UK in 1992 and has expanded its operations with factories in France (2001), for Yaris, and Turkey (2002), where Corolla, Auris and Verso models are built, and a transmissions plant in Poland, in 2002. In 2005 an engine plant in Jelcz-Laskowice in Poland came on stream, building a new generation of Toyota D-4D common rail diesel engines. At the same time, production started at Toyota Peugeot Citroen Automobile (TPCA) in the Czech Republic, a joint venture between Toyota and PSA Peugeot Citroen. This plant builds the Aygo, as well as city car models for the French partner manufacturers. In December 2007, production of Camry models started at Toyota’s first factory in Russia, in St Petersburg. The expansion of Toyota’s European manufacturing base is in line with the company’s philosophy of building cars local to the markets where they will be sold, ensuring that the product meets regional tastes, driving styles and environmental considerations, such as road quality and traffic levels. Toyota European vehicle production YEAR 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 PRODUCTION TOTAL (1 = 1,000 vehicles) 108. 8 175. 7 181. 5 173. 3 216. 9 344. 6 466. 1 582. 638. 0 808. 5 806. 9 European sales Toyota has enjoyed strong and sustained growth in its European sales volumes and market share, achieving record levels for the past 10 years. In 2007, the company sold 1,238,638 vehicles (1,184,828 Toyota and 53,810 Lexus) in Europe, an increase of 0. 2 per cent on 2006 and a 5. 6 per cent share of the total car market. Toyota European vehicle sa les and market share YEAR 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 European design centre Toyota established its European Design and Development Centre – ED2 – in the South of France in 2000. It plays a crucial role in helping the company create cars that will suit the European market in terms of style and performance. ED2 enjoyed early success with the Toyota Yaris, the first Toyota to be designed in Europe, being named both European and Japanese Car of the Year. Since then, the new Auris and current generation Avensis have emerged from the studio, models central to Toyota’s European market growth. SALES TOTAL (1 = 1,000 vehicles) 471 541 592 656 666 756 835 916 964 1,124 1,185 MARKET SHARE (per cent) 2. 79 2. 98 3. 08 3. 6 3. 58 4. 40 4. 80 5. 00 5. 10 5. 84 5. 60 In 2003, Toyota announced further investment of â‚ ¬75 million (approximately ? 52. 5 million) to extend its research and development centre in Brussels, further emphasising Toyota’s commitment to designing and engineering cars specifically for the European market. The centre was officially opened in January 2006. A HISTORY OF INNOVATION Much of Toyota’s worldwide success has been achie ved through its forward-looking approach and its determination to explore new concepts and technologies. Innovation has been sought not just for the sake of science, but in order to deliver increased safety and performance and environmental benefits in Toyota’s mainstream product range. Toyota invests more than ? 2 billion a year in technology and development of new products, more than any other manufacturer. Furthermore, around a quarter of the research and development budget is dedicated to alternative fuel sources. The Toyota Prius: the world’s cleanest family car When the original Toyota Prius was launched in 1997, it had the distinction of being the world’s first hybrid power car to be offered for general public sale. Prius pioneered a hybrid power system that combines a standard petrol engine with an electric motor, allowing the car to run on different power sources – or a combination of both – according to traffic conditions. That means a substantial reduction in harmful exhaust emissions and improvement in fuel economy. In Latin, the word Prius can be translated to mean â€Å"ahead of its time†, a phrase that perfectly expresses the car’s achievement. Prius: European Car of the Year 2005 In 2003, the second generation Prius took these qualities to even higher levels with the more advanced Toyota Hybrid Synergy (THS II) system. Such is the quality of this powertrain in combining environmentally friendly performance with kind of power and flexibility demanded by drivers, it was named the 2004 International Engine of the Year. Moreover, it claimed this title with highest points score in the history of the awards. Prius is not just about engineering excellence, however, and its all-round qualities earned it the European Car of the Year 2005 title. A panel of international motoring journalists voted Prius the winner by a clear margin over its conventionally-powered rivals on the competition shortlist. The second generation Prius has the ability to run for short periods exclusively on electric power, which means emissions can be cut to zero in city centre traffic. In recognition of its low pollution qualities, Prius was declared exempt from the inner London congestion charge. The official fuel consumption figure for combined cycle driving is 65. 7mpg. The advanced technologies used in Prius do not make it any more difficult to drive than a regular automatic car. Space isn’t compromised either: the powerful electric motor and battery are compact and the car is a regular-sized five-seat family hatchback. Prius is just one in a series of hybrid power Toyota and Lexus models that have been launched around the world. In the UK, the technology was further advanced in summer 2005 with the launch of the Lexus RX 400h. This supremely efficient version of the luxury SUV combines a standard 3. 3-litre petrol V6 engine with twin electric motors. Once again, emissions and fuel economy are improved, while performance levels match those of a regular V8 petrol model. In May 2006 the GS 450h was introduced, the world’s first rear wheel drive full hybrid power sports saloon, equipped with a 3. -litre V6 petrol engine and a high-output electric motor. Hybrid power extended further into the Lexus range in October 2007, with the worldwide launch of the LS 600h, a new flagship limousine powered by the latest development of the Lexus Hybrid System, featuring a 5. 0-litre petrol V8 engine. Future hybrid power At the 2007 Geneva Motor Show, Toyota restated its commitment to developing cleaner and mo re efficient vehicles in its progress towards designing and manufacturing the ultimate eco-car, producing zero emissions. It believes that developing new powertrains can help reduce the impact on the environment in three ways: by improving fuel efficiency, making exhaust emissions cleaner and supporting energy diversification. Toyota’s world-leading hybrid power is at the heart of this strategy, combining different power sources in ways that maximise the strength of each of them. Toyota plans to double the number of hybrid power models in its range and achieve one million sales of these vehicles by the early years of the next decade. To provide an illustration of the possibilities hybrid power provides, it presented two new concept cars at the Geneva motor show, the Hybrid X and the FT-HS. Hybrid X presents a new design language for hybrid cars, offering families more space and comfort in a stylish open-space design. FT-HS (Future Toyota Hybrid Sports) demonstrates the sports performance potential of hybrid power in a front-engine, rear-wheel drive car developing around 400bhp and capable of nought to 62mph acceleration in about four seconds. FT-HS Concept Vehicle Fuel cell technology Toyota has developed its hybrid power systems as a bridge between traditional petrol/diesel combustion engines and a new form of power that will produce no harmful emissions whatsoever. The use of hydrogen fuel cells is recognised by Toyota and many other vehicle manufacturers as a power source of the future. Although the technology to harness power from hydrogen is well advanced today, it cannot be brought to the wider market until a production and supply infrastructure has been established. Toyota has nonetheless made important progress in refining the performance and availability of fuel cell systems, establishing the world’s first commercial leasing system for its FCHV (Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle) in 2003. A further advance was made in 2005 when Toyota became the world’s first manufacturer to achieve vehicle type certification for a vehicle using hydrogen fuel cell technology. The FCHV emits no damaging gases or particulates from its tailpipe, the only by-product of its power source being water. Cleaner diesel power The fact that Toyota is engaged in advancing future power systems does not preclude its refinement and development of the engines it builds today. In recent years, the introduction of features such as â€Å"lean burn† technology, intelligent variable valve timing (VVT-i) and direct injection petrol and diesel systems have all helped improve performance while reducing fuel consumption and emissions. The development of Toyota D-CAT (Diesel Clean Advanced Technology) has brought record low levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions, far below the levels demanded by European standards. Central to its operation is the world’s first maintenance-free four-way DPNR catalyst system. A new generation of cleaner, more efficient common rail diesel engines has been developed by Toyota. A high power version of this new 2. 2-litre D-4D unit, the D-4D 180 features D-CAT to achieve excellent emissions without compromising performance or fuel economy. The new D-4D engines are manufactured in Europe by Toyota Motor Industries Poland (TMIP) and have been introduced in the Auris, Verso, RAV4 and Avensis model ranges. Advances in safety Safety is another key area in which Toyota continues to deliver market-leading new technology and systems. Both active and passive safety measures are addressed: active safety concerns the means by which the driver and vehicle can avoid hazards through technological features such as anti-lock braking, stability control and traction control; passive safety covers the way in which driver and passengers are protected should an accident occur, such as airbags, seatbelts and elements in the car’s basic structure that absorb and channel impact forces away from the cabin. Toyota’s work in designing integrated transport systems has helped develop features such as Pre-Crash Safety, in which a radar system and electronic control unit can determine when a collision is inevitable and trigger seatbelt pretensioners and emergency braking at the optimum moment before impact. Toyota recognises the importance of preventive safety systems which detect the risk of an accident and assist the driver in avoiding it, or, should the worst happen, mitigating the consequences. This technology has successfully moved from the test laboratory to become available on the latest-generation Lexus GS and LS models. The Lexus LS 460 and 600h are equipped with the world’s most sophisticated safety package, including an infra-red camera and radar system that can detect obstacles on the road ahead, day and night and the world’s first rear pre-crash safety system, which predicts a rear-end impact and automatically adjusts the front head restraints to protect occupants from whiplash injury. Toyota was the first manufacturer to introduce knee airbags on European models and also front and rear monitors, which use miniature cameras to give drivers a better view at blind junctions and when reversing. The real benefits of Toyota’s â€Å"total safety† approach in designing its new vehicles can be witnessed in the five-star ratings for passenger crash protection awarded by Euro NCAP to the Toyota Yaris, Prius, Auris, Avensis and Verso and Lexus IS and GS models. New models developed by Toyota now undergo more stringent in-house safety testing, with impacts at higher speeds to ensure the highest levels of accident protection. Information Technology Making journeys quicker and more efficient is another target of Toyota’s innovative approach. Advances in IT have allowed for increasingly sophisticated information, communications and navigation systems to be installed in today’s production models. The UK was one of the first markets in Europe to benefit from an automatic traffic monitoring system that works in conjunction with the vehicle’s satellite navigation unit. This system, known as ETA (Electronic Traffic Avoidance), constantly monitors a range of traffic information sources and, if it detects congestion ahead on a pre-programmed route, will automatically offer the driver an alternative course, avoiding potential hold-ups. ETA not only has the potential to save the driver time, it can also increase efficiency in vehicle use. TOYOTA AND THE ENVIRONMENT TMC strives to reduce the environmental impact of all its activities and seeks growth that is in harmony with the world around us. Toyota’s approach to environmental issues is enshrined in the Toyota Earth Charter of 1992 (revised in 2000). The charter not only provides a framework and guidelines for the way Toyota operates its manufacturing, distribution and retail activities worldwide, it also promotes cooperation with other businesses and organisations to achieve greater environmental protection. The principle elements of the Toyota Earth Charter: 1. Contribution toward a prosperous 21st century society: in order to contribute toward a prosperous 21st century society, aim for growth that is in harmony with the environment and challenge achievement of zero emissions throughout all areas of business activities. 2. Pursuit of environmental technologies: pursue all possible environmental technologies, developing and establishing new technologies to enable the environment and economy to co-exist harmoniously. 3. Voluntary actions: develop a voluntary improvement plan that is not only based on thorough preventive measures and compliance to laws, but that also addresses environmental issues on global, national and regional scales. 4. Working in cooperation with society: build close and cooperative relationships with a wide spectrum of individuals and organisations involved in environmental preservation, including governments and local municipalities as well as related companies and industries. The strength of Toyota’s commitment to environmental issues was recognised in 1999 when it received the United Nations Environment Programme Global 500 Award. Toyota is the only car manufacturer to have been honoured in this way. THE EUROPEAN ROAD SAFETY PROGRAMME Toyota’s all-embracing commitment to road safety goes beyond the design and production of safer vehicles. Toyota Motor Europe is a sponsor of the European Road Assessment Programme (EuroRAP), a body which brings together national motoring organisations from across the Continent to monitor the safety of principle routes outside urban areas. Roads are rated according to the level of risk of accidents causing death or serious injury. This alerts road users to the dangers of particular roads and serves to highlight those areas where mprovements need to be made in road design and crash protection measures, in order to improve driver, passenger and pedestrian safety. EuroRAP is a sister programme to the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP), which undertakes detailed crash testing to determine the protection offered to both vehicle passengers and pedestrians. TOYOTA IN FORMULA 1 Toyota has taken on the greatest challenge in world motor sport, Formula 1. The Panasonic Toyota Racing team is based in state-of-the-art premises in Cologne, Germany, and entered its first grand prix season in 2002. Toyota announced its decision to enter Formula 1 in 1999. Hiroshi Okuda, then President of the Board, said: â€Å"Toyota has an ambitious long-term vision to challenge for the FIA Formula 1 Constructor and Driver titles. Nothing less! It’s an exciting vision that demands an enormous commitment of resources and time, requiring us to deploy all of our world-leading skills, systems and technology. † As both engine and chassis builder, Toyota has made a huge commitment to Formula 1 and the team has access to the company’s full resources to help achieve the best results. Toyota Motorsport GmbH (TMG), Cologne, was the natural choice for the team’s base. A large, specialised motor sport facility with skilled staff and a long and successful track record in the World Rally Championship was already established there, under the leadership of the then TMG president Ove Andersson. An intensive testing programme was launched in 2000 for the development and proving of key racing components, such as hydraulic systems and brakes, using the Le Mans GT-One sports car, piloted by Allan McNish. Testing of the first Formula 1 car began in March the following year. McNish and Finnish driver Mika Salo competed for Toyota in its debut season. They were replaced by Frenchman Olivier Panis and Cristiano da Matta, from Brazil, for the 2003 and 2004 campaigns. In 2008, Italian Jarno Trulli is competing in his fourth season for the team, joined by new recruit, German driver Timo Glock, the reigning GP2 champion. Test driver for the season is another newcomer to the team, Japanese driver Kamui Kobayashi. The 2008 Panasonic Toyota Racing Formula 1 Car driven by Jarno Trulli Formula 1 may be associated with wealth and opulence, but the activities at TMG adhere to Toyota’s environmental ambitions. The planning of the operation included an on-site recycling unit. Virtually all used materials are recycled, rather than being thrown away. TOYOTA MILESTONES 1918 1929 Sakichi Toyoda invents the world’s first automatic loom. The Toyota Spinning and Weaving company is founded. Sakichi Toyoda sells the patent for his loom to Platt Brothers of Oldham for ? 100,000. He hands over the proceeds to his son, Kichiro, to develop automotive technology. Establishing an automobile department within the loom works. Production of the first prototype car, the Toyota AA, begins. The Toyota Motor Corporation is founded with an initial investment of 12 million Yen (approx. ?300,000). Toyota builds its 100,000th vehicle Toyota begins vehicle exports from Japan, initially to South East Asia and Latin America. Toyota launches its first completely Japanese designed and built passenger car, the Crown. European exports begin, with Toyotas shipped to Denmark. Total production reaches the one million mark. Toyota enters the UK market with the Corona. Introduced at the Earls Court Motor Show, it costs ? 1,000. The exclusive import rights are held by a family firm, Pride and Clark. Toyota introduces the Corolla. It becomes the world’s best selling model range, with nine successive Corolla generations achieving more than 29 million sales around the globe. Pride and Clark changes its name to Toyota (GB) Ltd. Toyota builds its 10 millionth vehicle Ove Andersson takes Toyota into world rally competition. Toyota establishes an overseas design centre, CALTY, at Newport Beach, California. Toyota achieves its first World Rally Championship victory. Andersson Motorsport is renamed Toyota Team Europe (TTE). Toyota enters an arrangement with General Motors to build cars in the USA. NUMMI (New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. ) is founded. Toyota’s domestic vehicle production passes 50 million. Toyota announces its first European engine and vehicle production centres, at Deeside and Burnaston in the UK. Toyota Motor Marketing and Engineering Europe (TMME) is established. Carlos Sainz wins the World Rally Championship, driving a Toyota Celica. The Toyota Earth Charter is published, expressing the company’s commitment to environmental issues. TTE is bought by Toyota Motor Corporation and renamed Toyota Motorsport GmbH. Toyota becomes the dominant manufacturer in the World Rally Championship with Celica achieving a clean sweep in both seasons. TMC announces it will open a factory in Valenciennes, northern France, to build the new Yaris model. Toyota launches the world’s first hybrid power production car, the Prius. Toyota ends its World Rally Championship campaign, having achieved three manufacturers’ championships, four drivers’ championships and 43 individual rally victories. The company now focuses its efforts on Formula 1. 1936 1937 1947 1950 onwards 1957 1962 1965 1966 1967 1972 1972 1973 1975 1984 1986 1989 1990 1992 1993 1993-94 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Yaris becomes the first Toyota model to be honoured as European Car of the Year. Domestic production passes 100 million. TMC takes full ownership of Toyota (GB) PLC. Toyota opens its ED2 design centre in the South of France. Toyota (GB) PLC (TGB) moves from Redhill to new, purpose-built headquarters near Epsom, Surrey. Toyota annual UK sales pass 100,000 for the first time. Burnaston is awarded the the Sir George Earle Trophy for health and safety performance. Panasonic Toyota Racing makes its debut in Formula 1. The Toyota FCHV becomes the world’s first pollution-free fuel cell vehicle to be available through commercial leasing. Toyota and Nissan agree to co-operate on hybrid power technology. Burnaston begins production of the new Toyota Avensis. Toyota launches the second generation Prius, featuring a more advanced Hybrid Synergy Drive powertrain. It is the world’s cleanest family car. TGB and 11 other Toyota national sales and marketing companies in Europe become subsidiaries or affiliated companies of TMC. TMC announces ? 50 million investment in Burnaston to increase production to 285,000 units a year. The second generation Toyota Prius is named the 2005 European Car of the Year. Its Hybrid Synergy Drive powertrain is awarded the 2004 International Engine of the Year title. In October, Toyota manufactures its 2. 5 millionth vehicle in Europe The UK is announced as the site for Toyota’s European Global Production Training Centre. TMUK receives the Queen’s Award for International Trade. Record production levels are achieved at Burnaston; the UK plant also builds its two millionth vehicle. Production of the Aygo city car starts, the smallest model to be launched by Toyota in Europe. Aygo is built in a joint project with PSA Peugeot Citroen at a new production centre in Kolin, in the Czech Republic. New-generation 2. -litre D-4D diesel engines are launched, built at Toyota’s new facility in Poland. Avensis and Verso are the first models to adopt them. New Toyota Hilux is launched in October, the sixth generation of Toyota’s legendary go-anywhere pick-up. December brings an all-new Yaris, the second generation of Toyota’s top-selling European model. It achieves a top five-star Euro NCAP rating for occupant crash protection. The RAV4, Europe’s most popular SUV, enters a new era with an all-new model. More flexible interior accommodation and advanced drive technology raise the benchmark in the compact SUV segment. New 148 and 175bhp 2. 2-litre diesel engines are introduced in the Avensis range, the latter equipped with Toyota’s D-CAT catalyst system to achieve substantial reductions in exhaust emissions. The Hilux pick-up benefits from a revised 2. 5-litre D-4D engine, increasing power and torque. A 169bhp 3. 0-litre D-4D unit is announced for the range, available from early 2007. Cleaner and more powerful (94 and 118bhp) 2. 5-litre D-4D engines are also introduced in the Hiace range of vans. Toyota unveils the Auris, an all new family hatchback model to be built in the UK and Turkey. 2007 2008 Production of Auris begins at TMUK’s Burnaston factory, with investment in the Deeside engine plant to build new ZR 1. 6-litre petrol engines for the model. UK sales started on 1 February. Deeside celebrates building its three millionth engine since production began in 1992. On 2 May a Toyota Hilux becomes the first car to reach the Magnetic North Pole, driven by Jeremy Clarkson and James May of the BBC’s Top Gear programme. A new 3. 0-litre D-4D diesel engine is introduced into the Dyna, completing Toyota’s upgrading of its complete LCV powertrain range to meet Euro IV emissions standards. The Yaris range is extended to include a new flagship SR 1. 8 model, powered exclusively by a new 1. 8-litre Dual VVT-i petrol engine. The Land Cruiser V8 is scheduled for UK launch in February, replacing the Land Cruiser Amazon at the top of Toyota’s 44 range. Toyota unveils a production-ready version of the iQ at the Geneva motor show, a new compact urban car due to go on sale early in 2009. Also revealed is the Urban Cruiser, a new compact SUV, due for European launch in 2009. Toyota announces ? 88 million new investment in TMUK’s Deeside plant to produce a new 1. -litre petrol engine for Auris from late 2009. Front cover images (Front emblem image) Toyota Motor Manufacturing UK: Much of Toyota’s recent success has been achieved by designing, engineering and building cars in the world regions where they will be sold. In 1989 Toyota Motor Manufacturing UK was formed, ahead of the opening of Toyota’s first European production centres a car plant at Burna ston, near Derby, and an engine factory at Deeside, in North Wales. (Hilux Polar Challenge image) Polar Challenge: A Toyota Hilux made history by becoming the first car to reach the Magnetic North Pole, on 2 May 2007. Adapted by Arctic Trucks, the vehicle was piloted by BBC Top Gear presenters Jeremy Clarkson and James May. (iQ image) Toyota iQ: iQ represents a new generation of urban vehicles, shorter than Aygo but with space on board for three adults, plus additional room for luggage or a child passenger. Following its debut at the Geneva Motor Show, it is due to go into production in late 2008. (Formula 1 image) Formula 1: Toyota fields one of Formula 1’s foremost teams, its sporting ambition being to claim both the manufacturer and driver titles. 080314N USEFUL TOYOTA ADDRESSES Head Office – Japan Toyota Motor Corporation 1 Toyota-cho-Toyota City Aichi 471 Japan Tel: 00 815 6528 2121 Head Office UK Toyota (GB) PLC Great Burgh Burgh Heath Epsom Surrey KT18 5UX Tel: 01737 363633 Manufacturing Plants UK Toyota Motor Manufacturing (UK) Ltd Burnaston Derbyshire DE1 9TA Tel: 01332 282121 European Head Office Belgium Toyota Motor Europe Avenue du Bourget 60 1140 Brussels Belgium Tel: 00 32 27452099 Toyota Motorsport Toyota Motorsport GmbH Toyota-Allee 7 50858 Koln Germany Tel: 00 49 22341823444 European Design Development Centre ED? Sophia Antipolis International Science Park 2650 Route des Colles BP 253 06905 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex France Tel: 00 33 497 232500

Close Critical Reading Essays - Michael Dyer, Dyer,

Close Critical Reading Yen Ying Lee Kyle Grady English 125.094 Date 10.1.2013 The Innocent Man We live in a world where we face challenges everyday. The daily obstacles we face just make us stronger each day to face the real hurdles of life. In the article, it is so clear to me that Dyer has been pushed to extents that have forced him to rise up to the world and take charge of his life. After all, what does not kill you only makes you stronger. In his article, Red Flags, Curtis talks about the life of Dyer, a football celebrity who had achieved high peaks as a rising athlete and delved to the bottom due to false charges and stereotypical racial injustice. Red Flags as quoted from the article are character concerns that are affiliated with sports players. To my knowledge, I understand that red flags are like warning messages that can cause setbacks in professional sports careers. It is seen that throughout his career, Dyer has received a couple of red flags. Whether or not he deserved any of those warnings is a completely different question. It is also stated in the article that these red flags are not concrete warnings but potential signs. Curtis believes that Dyer deserves another chance as he was falsely portrayed as an offender by the media. When red flags are raised there are no degree of warnings. Red flags in Dyers profile are analogous to switches, on or off, nothing in between. When there is a warning, people tend to avoid the fallen athlete; Dyer got released after failing his drug test. The causes of the red flags are worth more investigations in Dyers behavior than red flags themselves. He left there, too, amid reports of marijuana use and gun possession. .. He and Fitz Hill, the schools president, were tweaking Dyers image for a return to college football (Curtis, 1). The sentences soften the condemnation of Dyer using marijuana and his gun possession. Curtis brilliantly chose the word too followed by tweaking, making Dyers misbehavior trivial and negligible. Too casually addresses that its just an add-on information, which will be good if the readers know. Subsequently, the author polished Dyers image by using the word tweaking. This implicitly implies that Dyers image is originally positive while just a little tuning needs to be done for an even better Dyer brand. Instead, the words again and rebuilding would make the sentences sound completely different. They provoke readers to criticize and also emphasize Dyers second offense in gun possession and rebuilding his image is the only way to improve his reputation. The author tactically emphasizes on Dyers good character as he prefers to look at the glass to be half full. Dyer is inexperienced and a pat seeker. He enjoys people adoring him. its like youre taking a puppy home. Hes been out, so he just gravitates to you. He just wants to be hugged (Curtis 4). A man who has the traits of a naive little puppy. Curtis masked Dyers image with puppy personality, cute, innocent and vulnerable to the media. This masked personality has provoked the public to defend Dyer from any media attack. After all, he is just a young talented football player in the stage of maturing where extra care and encouragement should be given. Although Dyer has the traits of puppy, he has demonstrated his ability to avoid real trouble. This just comes to enforce the fact that Dyer is an innocent man by nature and due to circumstances, he had to act such to avoid possible predicaments. Being raised in Little Rock Christian, Dyer was taken in by random people who were willing to clean and feed him. This gesture of kindness definitely impacted him at that tender age. Growing up in such a situation, Dyer have a soft spot at his heart for he has gone through many hardships of life. Despite all that, he appreciates the love that he was showered with. As an adult, it is obvious that Dyer wants appreciation from his coach and is willing to leave his team when he realizes that he is treated rather inhumanely, Then at the end, what did you do for me? (Curtis 4). This

We Must Fight essays

We Must Fight essays The 2004 election had an incredible turn out in regards in voters and minority voters. Majority of the new voters were 18-30 and African American. My self-being an 18 year-old black male it was stressed for me to vote. A lot of entertainers tried to get their fans to vote such as Sean P. Diddy, Jamie Fox and Tom Cruise. To my knowledge the majority of the minority votes went to John Kerry and Edwards. This election has made republications the rulers of the U.S., because of the power they hold in the House of Repersinvaites and the Senate. Im worried that with all the efforts everyone did to reach the minority youth and it was not to make a difference that the youth will defer from voting. In this year election was greatly affected by the youth of America. Many young people voted for the first time this year. All of my friends voted and some for the first time this year a few of them are nineteen. Many nineteen to twenty-two year-olds voted, for the first time. As soon as I walked on Benedict Colleges campus they were in our face about registering to vote. I was also encouraged to vote by my mother, uncle and some teachers. A couple of songs by shoe hip-hop artists were made this year about the election and voting. These artists are among the elite hip-h artists in the business. P. Diddy, a rapper/producer lead a movement to vote called Vote or Die, he was the number one in leading the youth to the voting polls. Some actors helped also such as Jamie Fox and Tom Cruise. All of the people I know voted for Kerry and Edwards. The majority of the people who come to this school voted for the Democratic Party. Since Bush has won and the republicans have the majority in the House and the Senate was does the Democratic Partys voice get heard at? No, where for at least two more years. It seems that the party for the people has became the minotoiry party. ...

Economic inflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic inflation - Essay Example Inflation is the consistent and sustained general price increase of commodities over a period of time leading to fewer goods being purchased with every unit of the current currency. Inflation indicates a loss in the purchasing power based on each unit of money within an economy. This is measured through the consumer price index over specified duration of time (Hart, 2009). There are two major causes of inflation in any economy which are the demand-pull inflation and the cost-push inflation both of which will be discussed below in detail and their effects explained as well. Causes The demand-pull inflation occurs when the demand of the goods or services exceed the ability to produce them or exceed the supply. Suppliers start increasing the prices of the reduced goods and services when they start realizing its diminishing supply. If this continues, the central bank starts increasing the supply of money as a reaction to the aggregate demand. With the increase in money supply in circulat ion, businesses cannot increase the production and hence supply remains constant for a short while but this leads in the long run to an increase in equilibrium and prices rise resulting therefore to inflation (Tucker, 2012). According to the illustration, Demand moves from D0 to D1, the supply remains constant for a while but then the equilibrium shifts from A to B leading to price increase and hence inflation. Source: http://econrsrch/wklyltr/2000/el2000-21.html. The cost-push inflation is the other cause of inflation where there is an increase in cost of production which ultimately leads to an increase in the prices of raw materials and wages. This increased cost by the firms is passed on to consumers. The cost-push inflation is caused by a monopoly company, inflation in the wages, natural disasters, when the natural resources deplete, when the foreign exchange rates fall leading to a reduction in the imports or by the government when it increases its taxation (Tucker, 2012). All the above mentioned situations lead to a reduction in supplies. In the illustration, when the production cost increases caused by any of the above mentioned factors, the supply reduces from S0 to S1. The high demand and the reduced supply leads to a shift in the equilibrium and ultimately an increase in the price level from Z to Y causing inflation to take place. Source: http://econrsrch/wklyltr/2000/el2000-21.html. Effects There are positive and negative effects of inflation. The positive effects of inflation include the fact that with inflation, the central banks adjust the interest rates as a way to mitigate the economic recession. This then leads to a ripple effect as banks also adjust their interest rates causing more people to take up loans and mortgages in a bid to deal with the consistently increasing prices and diminished supply. The banks therefore benefit from all this even though mainly it is for a short while depending on how long the inflation last (if it lasts for lon g, the loose as people will be unable to repay the loans and mortgages). The other positive effect is that with the inflation looming, investment is directed to non-monetary projects which otherwise suffer when there is no inflation as people do not get time to invest their time and energy on them but with inflation they become able to (Dwivedi, 2010). The negative effects however surpass the positive ones. These negative effects range from loss of employment leading to massive unemployment as companies which cannot afford to pay wages dismisses their workforce leaving only a few who are overworked with no pay increase while others close their doors as they declare bankruptcy. There is also the fact that people start reducing their spending and usage rates as commodities become rare or the money to buy them dwindles causing a change in the number of meals per day, others go hungry and homeless as they fail to repay to mortgages or their other debts

Learning Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning Experience - Essay Example What is amazing is that the learnings from different courses seem to complement each other and I get to organize them into an integrated whole. This gives me much fulfillment. Of course, not everything was rosy. I have had my share of bumps and falls, but these failures were instrumental in helping me rise again and become more determined to get things right. Apart from my own personal goals, I am encouraged by my co-learners who share the same challenges and successes with me. In collaborating with them on some projects, social learning takes place and I get a peek at how their minds work and I harvest some ideas to enrich my thinking. I believe I likewise get to contribute my ideas and they benefit from them too. Together we learn problem-solving skills and patch up each other’s inabilities. It is no surprise that friendships were formed and solidified because of collaborative learning activities. Like in most University programs, communication skills are essential. Both my verbal and written communication skills were honed because of the requirements of the courses. I had to express myself clearly and fluently so I would be understood and to prove my skills to my mentors. My generation is fortunate enough to be in the age of technological advances. Research is much easier with the internet and online libraries. Information is readily available in one click of a key if one only knows where to retrieve it. Libraries are still great sources of helpful materials. The feel of books in my hands as I turn the pages makes me feel closer to the originator of the ideas, the author. Never in my wildest dreams did I imagine that I could grow so much from an online program. Sitting in front of a computer with people of different time zones that come together for common study was unheard of, especially in my parents’ time. Nowadays, due to the

Many studies show that social background determines pupils' success Essay

Many studies show that social background determines pupils' success and it has been suggested that 'Class Does Matter' in ed - Essay Example Recently, some approaches came into picture which focused on: a) Raising the aspirations of working-class individuals, and b) On the diversification of the education market. Here, both these approaches are reviewed as well as analyzed. As an effort to find the remedy to this situation, the previous Labor government aimed to ‘drive up the standards’ through the diversification of the market and increased competition. The government took various initiatives including the academic program, and further ‘freeing’ of the market through allowing schools to gain their independence from local authorities. At this time came the concept of ‘free schools’ which in turn helped in analyzing emerging literature works as well as standards. At this point in time, the concept of the marketization of education worked perfectly as desired as per the closing of the social class gap in the field of education, and giving a stronger purchasing power to the middle-class es (Huat See, 2004). It increased their ability to ‘play the game’ successfully to their various social and cultural capitals. Early Reforms During the decade between the 1980s and the 1990s, the then functioning governments made a lot of standard changes to the education system of UK (DCSF, 2009). Some of these standard mechanisms included representation of parents on governing bodies, parental choice and creating a link between student enrolment numbers and school funding so as to bridge the gap. The explicit aim behind designing these reforms was the improvement of pupil achievement. The policy makers have also been concerned about the existence of poor basic skills found in the UK workforce, in comparison to other nations, especially amongst the younger population. Keeping in view all these issues, a nationwide standard curriculum was introduced by the government for the students in the age group of 7-16, so as to ensure that every student studied a minimum componen t of the curriculum (DCSF, 2009). In recent decades, higher education (HE) has been an important policy area, subjected to frequent reforms. As per the prevailing trend, higher education has been reserved as an area meant only for the higher socio-economic groups. Although, the recent decades have witnessed a gradual rise in HE participation, the lower socio-economic groups still score low on relative participation. Additionally, there is enough evidence to support the fact that the economic value attached with HE has not collapsed on account of its expansion. Indeed, the value of degree returns has remained very much intact during the period. Beginning from the late 1980s, a number of policy changes have been introduced in the education system of Britain (Huat See, 2004). Depending upon the type of educational system, the main content of these policy changes went through time based variations. However, the ultimate goal behind these changes was the creation of a standard policy fra mework which would make it mandatory for all schools and colleges to adopt the improvement agenda, as prescribed by Labour as well as Conservative Governments. The FEFC (Further Education Funding Council) has made an attempt to achieve the below given goals through the adoption of funding mechanism (DCSF,

Theories of Motivation and Conflict in the Workplace

Theories of Motivation and Conflict in the Workplace Abstract Conflict in any organization is a matter that can not be avoided. Conflict because from one viewpoint the individuals involved in the organization who have the character, vision, goals, and styles vary. In addition, the interdependence between each other that characterize each organization. Although not all adverse organizational conflict, moreover handled legitimately, can have a positive impact and will benefit the organization all in all. In addition, there should be transparency in managing conflict in organizations and patience as well as all parties involved in awareness and conflict within the organization. Introduction. This conflict is regularly associated with the individuals who are, conflict, violence and destruction. What has always lingered in our minds is the way by which the conflict that can happen, and how to define conflicts and how to handle conflict. The reaction regularly happens in life and cause us stretch, fear and tried to escape from dealing with conflict. At the same time, for individuals who adoration conflict is defined as an individual problem, and so on. Such is the diversity of views and reactions to conflict. The fact that the conflict is human nature. Conflicts are always together and grow dynamically along with human development. Conflicts can happen either on individuals, associations or organizations. At whatever point there is a conflict, obviously, will affect the parties involved either positive or negative from the point that indirectly may affect the performance and productivity of individuals and the organization all in all. In this manner, the perception of confl ict would facilitate forecasting methods, controls, changes and solutions to the problems that exist. In this regard, an initial exercise that needs to be researched is to identify the causes, factors and sorts of conflict, before the conflict management process, ie, problem solving or decision making implemented. Concept and levels of conflict. Conflict is a different idea from the perspective of politicians and members of management. With this, the scope of the investigation is very broad conflict is conflict, for example, family conflict, conflict within the organization, the conflict between the individual, the conflict in the middle of the house and so on. Generally, when there are different goals and different points of view, then there will be a variety of issues and differences in the perception of some aspects of the organization. In addition, the conflict is also defined as any form of dispute within the organization, both among people with one another in the assembly, in the middle between the council and the assembly with assembly or organization can also between the individual and the organization in general. Although the conflict refers to the need, importance, to something or someone in the middle of both parties with conflicting views. In my opinion, the conflict can be divided into two stages: the macro level and micro level. The macro-level conflicts usually occur at the level of institutions and conflicts are rare, for example, conflict is a conflict singles macro itself. Therefore, the micro-level conflict is like interpersonal and between organizations, it often happens in any place, for example between two or more parties. Process of Conflict. In addition, methods of conflict consists of four stages: first a potential conflict or incompatibility which is a source of conflict which is divided into three categories; communication, structure and personal variables. This is due to the differences and disputes between communities. Also, brains and personality conflicts will occur when viewed by the parties involved and bring the parties involved in emotions that lead to dissatisfaction, hate and fear. Therefore, there will be tension or pressure on the parties involved. Third is the intention to make the decision to act in a way misguidedly and causes disturbed or negative effects on the individual. Fourth is the action in which he makes the conflict became apparent that includes a statement issued, the action taken and the response by the parties involved in the conflict. This conflict will arise between individuals who do not take seriously in conflict. Resolving conflict in a team. Various ways that we can fathom conflicts like listening to all opinions or viewpoints of the actors involved and concentrated on talks on facts and behavior, not on feelings or personal elements. In addition, we also need to get the agreement and responsibility to find a solution and give encouragement to all parties to the conflict to cooperate to take care of problems accurately. All parties involved ought to play an important part in addressing conflict from spreading and provide an opportunity for all parties involved in the conflict to express his opinion. Identify conflicts are also important in resolving the conflict because this activity is necessary and requires special expertise. Conflicts can arise from a particular source or base of the problem, however the problem into a conflict if not managed with great emotions. Accordingly, we must pick which one to this problem, which became a problem because of emotional things. This problem is the underlying emotional conflicts w hile just exacerbate the problem alone. With this, we can handle the conflict regularly and can produce decent human beings. Theories of motivation and its effectiveness In prioritizing Herzberg two-factor hypothesis that encourages employees motivated intrinsic factor, namely the impetus arising from within oneself, and extrinsic factors, namely the impetus coming from outside oneself, especially from the organization where she lived up to expectations. Intrinsically motivated employees who delighted in the work that will enable utilization of reactivity and innovation, working with a high level of autonomy and dont have to be watched nearly. Satisfaction here is not primarily associated with the acquisition of things that are material. Instead, they are more motivated by extrinsic factors have a tendency to look to what is given to them by the organization and its work is directed to the acquisition of the things he wanted from the organization. According to Frederick Herzberg said that there are certain factors in the workplace that can lead to employment satisfaction, while in different parts there are also different factors that may cause dissat isfaction. With this, satisfaction and occupation dissatisfaction related to each other. In this way, divided into two specific factors in the workplace is by Frederick Herzberg identified as hygiene factors and motivation. Hygiene Factors Hygiene factors (health factors) is an important factor for their work motivation in the workplace. These factors do not lead to positive long-term satisfaction. At the same time if these factors are not present, then the dissatisfaction that. These factors are extrinsic to work. Hygiene factors also referred to as dissatisfaction or maintenance factors necessary to avoid dissatisfaction. Hygiene factors (health factors) is the image of the needs of individual physiological factors that are believed to be fulfilled. Hygiene (health factors) include salaries, personal life, the quality of supervision, working conditions, the stability of the employer, the relationship between the personal, intelligence and corporate governance. According to the hygiene factor / extrinsic factors Herzberg will not further the interests of workers to form it big, but if these factors cannot be considered satisfactory in many respects, for example, inadequate wages, working conditions unpleasant, factors that will be spring potential discontent. Motivation Factors Satisfaction creates a positive motivating factor. In addition, there are factors in the workplace and motivate employees to excel work called satiety factor. Employees only find motivation factors intrinsic value (satiety factor). Motivator which symbolizes psychological needs is seen as an additional benefit. Factors associated with achievement motivation job content protection, recognition, challenging work, improvement and development in the job. In addition, factors intrinsic motivation is a factor that promotes the spirit to achieve higher employment. Meanwhile, the high level of satisfaction of needs motivation allows one to form a more than satisfying needs lower. Meanwhile, there is also a motivating factor according to Herzberg is working itself achievement, opportunities for advancement, recognition of others, and responsibility. In general hygienic factors, for example, salaries and employee relations support associate to survive in the workplace. Salary will only deliver instant motivation. However not in the capacity factor of motivation, for example, the appointment of permanent staff. Cause a decrease in employee motivation to work. To motivate subordinates. Job satisfaction is basically something individual. Most individuals have a level of satisfaction vary and in accordance with the prevailing value system in itself. When assessed against the perceived height of the votes in accordance with the wishes of the individual, the higher the satisfaction of such activities. With this, an outline of job satisfaction can be interpreted as being pleasant or unpleasant, which looked officer of jobs. According to Herzberg behavioral traits that satisfied employees are those who have a high motivation to work. In addition, they are also more than happy to do his job, while its workers are less satisfied they are lazy to go to work at the workplace, and lazy in doing their jobs. Therefore, it can be concluded that job satisfaction is a feeling or attitude of someone in their work, which can be affected by various factors, both internal factors and external factors. Motivation or encouragement movement behavior of organisms is continuing to carry out an activity that is stimulated by incentives. With this, the existence of behavior because of physiological or psychological stretch and leading to the achievement of a goal. In addition, the driving motivation is a desire to be effective and to achieve something. Motivation can also be regarded as a stimulus for the achievement of a stimulus or to avoid failure. Individuals who have the motivation means he has already acquired the ability to exceed expectations in life. Conclusion Conflict is a part of human life that can never be settled all through the history of mankind. Sociologically, the conflict is defined as a social process between two or more persons where one party looks to prohibit different parties to pulverize it or make it frail. In addition, the conflict is motivated by differences in the characteristics of the individual got an interaction. Examples of these differences are related to the physical characteristics, information, understanding, beliefs, customs, and so on. Individual characteristics also participate in social interaction. Therefore, conflict is a desirable situation in each community and not a society that has never had any conflicts between members or with other community bunches. References http://www.dawama.com/Pengurusan-Konflik/q?pid=1752doit=order http://cintahatikami.blogspot.com/2012/04/konflik-dalam-organisasi.html http://capoenk-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/6-cara-menyelesaikan-konflik-secara.html http://perilakuorganisasi.com/teori-erg.html Silhanek, B. and Decenzo, D.A. (2007) Human Relations: Personal and Professional Development. London: Prentice Hall. Robbins, S.P. nad Judge, T.A. (2009) Organisational Behaviour. 5th and. London: Prentice Hall.