Countryside attraction – New Forest National Park

My field fascination is New Forest National Park. This general portrayal of wide open fascination clarifies the general intrigue, effect of area, plan highlights and key focuses about wide open activity and the executives. My individual examination of Exmoor National Park looks at every one of these highlights in more detail. By doing a general portrayal first it will assist with featuring the key data on wide open attractions that would then be able to be contrasted and man-made attractions. Wide open area and access: The key distinction among open country and man-made attractions is that the first are regular where as the second can be picked. In Britain, there are more than 10 national parks in different pieces of the nation yet a large portion of the parks are in the north. There are no national parks in the southeast London territory. There are an assortment of wide open common attractions including gardens, nature trails, private ranches, timberlands and forest, wetland, littler region of open space regularly utilized for out-entryway diversion, untamed life stops, and winged creature havens which are all not national parks, yet can be significant field attractions. The seaside regions of Britain, separate to sea shores and resorts, incorporate costal strolls, common natural life and landscape, which are well known with vacationers. Area and access to wide open is significant for the accompanying reasons: 1. Advancement of the travel industry 2. Monetary. Wide open the travel industry procures pay for the travel industry 3. Social. Wide open the travel industry gives chances to instruction, delight and social diversion. 4. Condition. The administration of the wide open particularly in national parks ensures the earth to support natural life, plants, cultivating creatures, nearby networks, visiting travelers until further notice and what's to come. 5. Effects of area and access can likewise be negative. Some wide open region pulls in high quantities of guests in top season, which can negatively affect natural life, cultivating, nearby networks, if not controlled. The occasional ubiquity of field territories and the awful atmosphere in winter can have a negative monetary effect on work, pay for organizations and the nation equalization of installments. Advance and notoriety: The fundamental intrigue and notoriety of Britain outside its legacy urban communities and its mainstream youth culture is the greenery of its wide open legacy, which is interestingly unique to characteristic landscape attractions of different zones on the planet. A significant intrigue and prominence is for a day-outing or brief break clients making a trip to the wide open on nearby or local excursions. Most of British clients are local, yet that is on the grounds that there is a national motorway organize, with constrained rail access, there are additionally numerous national local sightseers. Wide open occasions, for example, fetes and horticultural shows are likewise mainstream. Many are advanced on TV and are particularly pulled in to the family guest and worldwide traveler, in light of their connection to nearby social legacy. When all is said in done British field has a decent picture and notoriety. Be that as it may, it has experienced genuinely the ‘Foot and Mouth Disease' and rivalry with city attractions and modest occasions abroad, particularly an ocean side item advertise. The field draws specifically intrigue gatherings, for example, schools, instructive gatherings, senior residents with additional time, and aficionados of outside amusement. Structure and innovation of open country: The normal scene can be secured by overseeing and controlling access, building, streets, cookout zones, occasions and view focuses. Agrarian processors, for example, seepage, selection of yields, can likewise be controlled to help ensure the nature and presence of neighborhood situations. The area of passageways, exits, vehicle leaves, cooking offices, settlement, would all be able to be configuration to fit in to indigenous habitat and to confine negative effect. Numerous provincial towns have nearby government arranging control to restrict artificial situations, so they depend on neighborhood materials and development techniques which help keep up nearby specialties and conventions, for example Cotsworlds, Yorkshire Grystone welsh stone assembled dividers are highlights of the British wide open that have been ensured. Structure and innovation is additionally significant for the wellbeing and wellbeing and security of access to open air diversion, including water, streams, lakes and costal regions, mountains with perilous stone highlights, segregated zones and wide open that should be shielded from the risks of fire or synthetic contamination.

The Origin Of Life Essays - Origin Of Life, Astrobiology

The Origin Of Life The birthplace of Life There are numerous hypotheses where life originated from, however none of them is demonstrated to be the correct one. The undeniable hypothesis that life began on earth isn't acknowledged by everybody. One explanation of skepticism in this hypothesis that life began on earth is an absence of time. It was an early conviction that life started through a moderate and long procedure (numerous researchers don't share this conviction however), presumably excessively short and unreasonably long for the time life had on our planet. Life more likely than not been shaped inside a time of roughly 200 million years. On the off chance that we speak to the entire Christian time - 2,000 years - by one inch, the time accessible for the rise of life could quantify as much as 1.5 miles. Another hypothesis called panspermia claims that life was made elsewhere, not on earth, and made a trip to our planet by means of shooting stars or comets. Another adaptation of panspermia asserted by Francis Crick and Leslie Orgel is that life was brought to earth by a spaceship sent by a progressively savvy animal types. This hypothesis is called coordinated panspermia. The last hypothesis may be the most unrealistic one, since there is no real proof for spaceships or species from different planets. The panspermia hypothesis can not be invalidated and it may be conceivable that life came to earth by means of a comet. Bodies like comets contain natural particles which are like the atoms of living beings, however most researchers state that responses making these particles occur out there. We can not discover a response for this inquiry since neither one of the theories can absolutely be demonstrated. Supporters of the panspermia hypothesis state that there was insufficient time for life to begin. Supporters of the hypothesis that life began on earth can not demonstrate that life didn't originate from space. The Christian hypothesis that life was made by God is unique and won't be examined furthe r in this paper. By and by I put stock in the hypothesis that life was conceived on earth. Six components are expected to make life. Pretty much every natural issue can be summed up emblematically in these six unique components: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S). One additionally says that life can be clarified by the recipe CHNOPS. These are the primary characters in the production of life artificially. Realizing that these six components are expected to make life we need to discover in what condition these components were. It is as yet not recognized what the arrangement of the crude air was. It was accepted that the air comprised of hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), smelling salts (NH3), and water fume (H2O). However, this is questioned today. Researchers state that carbon likely was absent in the mix with hydrogen (methane). It likely was available in the blend with oxygen, generally with carbon dioxide, or CO2. In the early long periods of the earth, around 4 billion years back, there was no oxygen in the climate of the world. There should be life so as to have free oxygen. What was the temperature on earth in nowadays? It is for all intents and purposes difficult to track down the response to this inquiry, yet it is a significant issue to know since temperature restricts the life expectancy of biomolecules, for example, proteins, nucleic acids, and the squares they were contained in. Thinking about this reality scientific experts accept that the temperature of the earth may have been freezing, potentially under the point of solidification. Geochemists, however, don't think along these lines. They accept that temperature may have been near the breaking point of water, however they likewise accept that there more likely than not been a high barometrical weight, which shielded the seas from bubbling. How was the sun? Four billion years back the sun was cooler than today. It conveyed most likely 25% less vitality to the Earth than today. In any case, this was likely counterbalanced by the nursery impact of air carbon dioxide. There certainly was a ton of water in the start of life. Water is the indispensable component of any living being. The climate over the water was overwhelming with carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen

Film Essay Topics - Helps a Class Focus On Film

Film Essay Topics - Helps a Class Focus On FilmFilm essay topics are some of the most challenging assignments in the literature course, or any English class for that matter. Yet film essay topics are just as rewarding. A successful student of the Literature course has been known to find more on their plate than can be covered in the semester, which leaves them with an abundant supply of topics for plenty of fun.A film can be an excellent concept for the class and gives students a chance to get into the heart of the subject. They also provide a unique way to learn about and evaluate certain aspects of film without having to actually watch a film. When used correctly, the film can truly enrich the Literature course and help students appreciate its complexities.Yet great topics can easily become a bore for many, and they often end up piling one more project onto the stack of tasks. The result is that the original essay gets lost in the shuffle, and its intended purpose never fully reali zed.To avoid this, it is important to be creative with film essay topics. It is not always easy to come up with a topic, especially if one's study of the film is scarce. Yet there are some questions that can be answered without a film, such as the elements of the story, the characters and the plot. Some filmmakers like to take the story down to the basics by posing questions about the director, the film, and the motivation of the character.Another important thing to remember is that the purpose of a film essay is to write, not listen. If a student cannot listen to a film, they should not be allowed to write about it. The reason is because many film essays are based upon, and influenced by, the film that a student has seen but never really analyzed. This leads to a failure to capture the significance of the film, or to properly understand what the film is trying to say.An important note for students who have seen many films is that the essay should be performed in that reading situat ion. Being able to analyze and appreciate film, film theory, and how to best analyze a film is impossible in a non-reading scenario. To increase the likelihood of the student being able to process a film, a film essay should be done in its element: that of watching a film.Another crucial point to remember is that the film is not an exact science. The point of a film essay is to immerse oneself in the text and appreciate the work of the filmmaker, but to do so in a fashion that will allow a student to appreciate and analyze a film in terms of the text, theory, and tactics used to write the piece.There are many other tips to consider when thinking about film essay topics, but these two are the most important. Once a student can engage in a non-reading environment, they will be able to appreciate films in a new light, and will have a chance to understand the purpose of a film essay as well.

Effects Of The Industrial Revolution On The United States

Spencer Neal Mr. Connolly US History Term Paper 10 November 2015 The Effect of the Industrial Revolution The American Industrial Revolution changed the United States residents from rural people to individuals that were exceedingly industrialized. They performed their work in processing plants and used machines. Many people took control of the Industrial Revolution such as: JP Morgan, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie, and John D. Rockefeller. These men took hold of their respective industry and held extreme amounts of power in society. At the same time, there were many negative factors of the Industrial Revolution that gave America a distorted image. The transition at the beginning was not an easy one for the Americans, this effort took fifty years and created an emotional change in the country s financial history. The Industrial Revolution helped shape America with the help of the industrialists and the growth of the industries they supported and ran. Since the Industrial Revolution was newly formed toward the end of the eighteenth century, there were at first no laws to control new commercial enterprises. For instance, there were no laws keeping organizations from enlisting seven-year-old children to work 40 hours per week in coal mines or production lines or to manage production line’s biohazard waste. Free-showcase private enterprise implied that the administration had no part in directing the new businesses or arranging administrations for new towns.Show MoreRelatedWhat Did The Career Lives Of United States Women Change During The United?1535 Words   |  7 Pagesthe career lives of United States women change during the United States’ industrial Revolution? My interest in women of the industrial revolution in the United States, because there are many turning points in the lifestyle of United States women and the Industrial Revolution appears to me to be one of the first steps in the evolution of the roles of women living in the United States. The method used to investigate this life changing time per iod for women and the United States as a whole is the useRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Impacted Women923 Words   |  4 PagesIn my thesis, I contend that the Industrial Revolution impacted women because women in the working and poor classes were a key labor force in mills and factories, they supported their role as the backbone of the household economy by completing housework in the middle class, and finally the Industrial Revolution made an impact on the contributions of ideas made by women. Firstly, the Industrial Revolution affected women in the working and poor classes by allowing them to work in factories and millsRead MoreIndustrial Revolution After The Civil War956 Words   |  4 Pages The Inusterial Revolution after the Civil War Between 18-19th centuries after the Civil War, a chain of events occurred that brought about several changes in the way that people lived and worked in the United States.This period ranges from the time when cities started growing rapidly because human hand labor was drastically changed to machine labor. These events started the American Industrial Revolution, which later affected African American socially, economically and politically. However, manyRead MoreSecond Industrial Revolution1000 Words   |  4 PagesSecond US Industrial Revolution, 1870 -1910 Darris Adkins Abstract In this brief paper, a description of two developments of industrialization that positively affected the United States and two developments that negatively affected the United States will be discussed. An analysis of whether or not industrialization was generally beneficial or detrimental to the lives of Americans and the history of the United States will be outlined. Second US Industrial Revolution, 1870 -1910 In this briefRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And The American Revolution1452 Words   |  6 PagesThe industrial revolution was not only technological revolution but a social one that would lie foundation that would grow the word â€Å"revolution† exponentially. The industrial revolution brought with it change, whether that change was positive or negative is questionable however it did change the world as it was known. In both England and the United States of America strong industrial revolutions struck, the revolutions would change roles in the household and society for both women and me and theRead MoreAssignment 3: Environmental Issues and the Industrial Revolution895 Words   |  4 PagesModule 1 Assignment 3 SCI201 Ecology and Environmental Sustainability Argosy University The Industrial Revolution, which took place in the 18th to the 19th centuries, was an era during which essentially uncultivated, rural societies in America and other countries became industrial and urban. Before the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain during the late 1700s, construction was mostly done by using hand tools or basic machines. Mechanization marked a shifted to powered, special-purposeRead MoreThe Industrial Revolutions Effect on The United States and Russia750 Words   |  3 PagesThe Industrial Revolutions Effect on The United States and Russia *Works Cited Not Included Some people think that it is good to do bad things to achieve something good. Well, that seemed to be the case in Russia and the United States after the Industrial Revolution because in the United States and Russia problems led to solution .The Industrial Revolution caused many problems in both the United States and Russia. Even though the Industrial Revolution caused similar problemsRead MoreEffects of the Industrial Revolution727 Words   |  3 PagesThe Industrial Revolution, lasting between the 18th and 19th century, profoundly affected the people of Europe, North America, and other regions of the world. The revolution produced new exciting technological innovations. As a result, the socioeconomic climate and cultural aspects of Europe and North America were altered in an unprecedented manner. Industrial opportunities also lured the population away from agrarian lifestyles to more urban populaces. The Industrial Revolution extensively changedRead MoreThere are many periods in ti me that have been crucial in the development of human ideals and1300 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology. One of the most important times was the Romantic Era. This period began in the late 18th century, and peaked around the 1850’s. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature until Industrialization had come fully into effect. Because of all the variables and factors of the time, the world was ready for a new era, a modern era that advanced the world far beyond expectations. The Romantic Era was a time of innovation, social struggles, and major changes in industry andRead MoreHoward Spodeks Chapter 17 Notes Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 17 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BRITIAN, 1700-1860 †¢ British cotton textile industry grew into the worlds most productive; its railway network became the nation’s principal means of inland transportation and communication; and a new fleet of steam-powered ships enabled Britain to project its new productivity and power around the globe. †¢ A Revolution in Agriculture o Jethro Tull invented the seed drill that replaced to old method of scattering seeds by hand on the surface of the soil. o

Identity Based Motivation Implications For Health And...

In the words of C.J. Heck, â€Å"We are all products of our environments.† An individual’s behavior is largely influenced by the world in which they find themselves immersed in. This dictum is exemplified in â€Å"Identity-Based Motivation: Implications for Health and Health Disparities† by Daphna Oyserman, George C. Smith and Kristen Elmore and â€Å"Stress-Related Externalizing Behavior among African American Youth: How Could Policy and Practice Transform Risk into Resilience?† by Sonya S. Brady, Willie Winston III, and Sonia E. Gockley. Both of these readings explore how people’s daily choices are influenced by the society in which they find themselves in. â€Å"Identity-Based Motivation: Implications for Health and Health Disparities† delves into the social determinants and identify-based motivation and how it relates to identity-congruence. â€Å"Stress-Related Externalizing Behavior among African American Youth: How Could Policy and Pr actice Transform Risk into Resilience?† investigates how externalizing behaviors are largely influenced by factors that children find in their homes and communities. Both articles make the key argument that human beings are influenced by their surroundings. This conclusion comes based on the extrapolations they have made from their research. Overall, both articles explore the key theme of the impact of external influences by exploring identity, analyzing race, and scrutinizing what needs to be done by larger influences to mitigate these issues. The largestShow MoreRelatedA Concept Analysis of Diversity Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pagesdramatically in a new direction. The demographic makeup of the United States continues to change drastically. Because of this change, everyone will be required to become increasingly aware of the people in their surroundings. Some may argue that diversity is based on gender, sex, creed, origin, or some other form of tangible trait however; diversi ty is much more than that. The American Nurses Association produces the Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. This publication has written several scholarly articlesRead MoreAboriginal And Torres Strait Islander People Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pageseducation, health, economics, employment, cultural progress and most importantly the future of Indigenous affairs and growth in Australia. Through the generational waves of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, society in this contemporary setting is an optimal environment for the already established standards of child education as stable, safe and secure in regard to the facilities that provide the opportunities for cultural and student-centred learning. A key cultural motivation for theRead MoreGender Differentiation Of New Zealand Society Essay2278 Words   |  10 Pageshegemonic masculinity is repeatedly challenged, women s role as the other remains predominant in New Zealand society. This has mental and economic impacts on both a micro and macro level, with impacts that reach all New Zealand society. Gender disparity in the workplace and the home, as a result of gendered norms and stereotypes, is the key reason for intergenerational income inequality in New Zealand. Although gender inequality severely disadvantages women, it impacts everyone, most significantlyRead MoreThe Theory Of Hunger Motivation Theories1812 Words   |  8 Pages We learned about hunger motivation and the hunger hormones. I found that I was able to make a connection to my own experiences with motivation. In my english class, we discussed Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and what motivated certain book characters; I was able to see the correlation bet ween how my english teacher taught me about the character’s motivation and how I could apply these concepts to my course in Psychology. Furthermore, I also find that the hunger motivation theories were interestingRead More Racial and Cultural Test Bias, Stereotype Threat and Their Implications3799 Words   |  16 PagesRacial and Cultural Test Bias, Stereotype Threat and Their Implications A substantial amount of educational and psychological research has consistently demonstrated that African American students underperform academically relative to White students. For example, they tend to receive lower grades in school (e.g., Demo Parker, 1987; Simmons, Brown, Bush, Blyth, 1978), score lower on standardized tests of intellectual ability (e.g., Bachman, 1970; Herring, 1989; Reyes Stanic, 1988; SimmonsRead MoreHiv Aids Prevention Program On Hbcu Campuses3858 Words   |  16 PagesParticipants that their participation was voluntary and their identity will be kept strictly confidential and their names would not appear in any reports. American Psychological Association (APA) research guidelines were followed. The survey was anonymous and no identifying information was linked to the individuals, or included in the data. Testing and behavioral surveys were conducted in a assortment of campus venues, including student health centers, dormitories, student union centers, student activityRead MoreFactors That Influence The Matriculation Into Graduate School Stem Programs2757 Words   |  12 Pagesthat influence URM matriculation into graduate school STEM programs. With a better understanding of the barriers to matriculation, I hope to formulate a plan to increase diversity within the Program in Molecular and Cellular Biosciences at Oregon Health and Science University. My review considers pre-doctoral educational challenges, existing recruiting efforts and institutional culture on diversity. National Degree Data Data from the National Science Board confirms that Hispanics, African- American/BlacksRead MoreLegal and Ethical Issues in Counseling: An Overview2769 Words   |  12 Pages modern standards for health care, offender classification, due process, fire and building safety, nutrition, personal welfare, and clothing and shelter must be identified. The offenders also must be shielded from harming each other. Prevention of escape, assault, and property loss is a vital objective of counselors who requires unique and expert skills in their fields. Moreover, the counselors play a critical role in the juvenile criminal offenses. They offer mental health treatment and advice toRead MoreInstitutes and Strategies, Formal Structures Essay2422 Words   |  10 PagesFirst Nations assert that residential Health Canada responsibilities exist for First Nations which for the most part are addressed through Self Government Agreements, (SGA). SGA’s are considered modern day treaties and provided clauses for First Nations access to federal health programming for a non self-governing. Further funding can be acquired through Contribution Agreements (CA). CA refers to federal government financing of agreed on territorial services. Health Canada (HC) restrictions of territorialRead MoreCritical Challenges Facing African American Men3250 Words   |  13 Pages A severe underrepresentation of Black male doctoral students and earned doctorates exist in the United States (Harper, 2010). Lack of financial resources, poor academic preparation, absence of relationships with faculty, and low motivation contribute to the disparity of black males with conferred doctoral degrees (Proctor, 2009). The percentage of doctoral degrees awarded to African Americans has steadily increased in the past 30 years. However, African Americans earned only about 6% of all

The Implementation Of Population Control Against Poverty

In 1798, Malthus wrote extensively on the implementation of population control against poverty. The idea of curbing population growth is not new, but it has only joined the environmental discourse over the course of the last century. As science and technology advance, humanity has succeeded in overcoming natural growth limits but not in sustainably addressing anthropocentric environmental issues. Each human places additional strain on the environment and contributes to its degradation. Therefore, non-coercive population control should be instituted more extensively. Increased population control can effectively slow involuntary population growth. Historically, policies have taken on two major forms. One involves authoritarian enforcement, such as China’s One Child Policy or India’s sterilizations. The other, which this author espouses, includes media campaigns, sex education, reduction of infant mortality, and increased access to contraceptives and abortion . Jeffrey Sachs, head of the UN Millennium Project, calls for this â€Å"integrated and non-coercive approach that would concomitantly reduce poverty.† Currently, over 50% of pregnancies are unwanted and 40% of these end in aborted (Sedgh, 2014). The rate is 23% higher in less developed nations (ibid). Global access to contraceptives could prevent over 52 million unwanted pregnancies per year, yet one in four women have no legal access (Gipson, 2008; Sedgh, 2007). Another 74,000 die each year during illegal abortions (UNFPAShow MoreRelatedDemographics Paper1308 Words   |   6 Pagesmeans the records of the human population in a country. This includes the country’s population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the said population. In some commonly used demographics gender, race, age, income, disabilities, educational attainment, home ownership, employment status, and even location are also included. Also called demographic data, these are the characteristics of a human population as used in government, marketingRead MoreThe Causes And Factors For The Trafficking Essay971 Words   |  4 Pagesfor forced sexual exploitation which is seen in many nations. Poverty, armed conflicts, political unrest, lacking enforcement of human rights and natural disasters etc will increase the trafficking of human. War and internal conflict in nation is one of the important context which leads to large number of neglected children, orphan children, street children etc which will increase the chance of many children getting trafficked. Poverty has a close relation with vulnerability and marginalization ofRead MoreThe State Of West Virginia ( Wv ) Passed House Bill 20211366 Words   |  6 PagesIn March 2016, the state of West Virginia (WV) passed House Bill 2021. This bill was developed to combat drug use among the poverty level population who depend on government benefits to provide for their basic needs. This bill was first developed with the understanding that every recipient would be required to drug test at the time of application for services. Through the process of legislative committees, the bill has changed to reflect that an applicant will only be required to test should theRead MoreChina And Indi Driving Forces Of Overpopulation712 Words   |  3 Pagesto BBC, India s population reached nearly 1.21bn (India census: population goes up to 1.21bn). China is also has the population of 1.36bn according to Chinese Government (China Statistical Yearbook-2014). That s almost the half of the Earth s population. There are negative outcomes of this situation like poverty, depletion of resources and disturbed cultural structures. Actually there are more than that but i want to stay on the line. There must be some measures against overpopulation. HowRead MoreThe Major Challenges For Hiv Prevention And Control In1305 Words   |  6 PagesChallenges for HIV Prevention and Control in Liangshan Prefecture: As one of the typical concentrated contiguous destitute areas, Liangshan Prefecture has suffered from poverty, ignorance, drug trafficking, and various diseases. The general lack of awareness of HIV prevention in the majority of the Liangshan population is co-existing with the dissociation between their awareness and actions. The frequent and unregulated migration, the regional violation of birth-control and the over-birth phenomenonRead MoreThe Effects Of The Malthusian Catastrophe Throughout The Past Few Centuries1498 Words   |  6 Pagesthat as the population rate grows greater than the rate of produce to feed it, and, if unchecked, the world s population will double every 25 years. At the same time land cannot keep up with the population growth, because land cannot breed. This will lead to a population growth problem. This paper will explore the effects of the Malthusian catastrophe throughout the past few centuries. Reviewing the implications of population growth and the need for implementations to limit population growth andRead MoreHiv and Aids in the Black Community1140 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican Americans ​​1 HIV/AIDS in November 15, 2012  Research, Definition, and Statement of HIV/AIDS ​African-Americans are the ethnic group most affected by HIV/AIDS. Ironically african-americans represent 14% of the population of the United States , but represent 44% across the gender line. African-american men represent 70% of HIV infections among the ethnic group, however african-american women are also highly at risk of HIV infection. Indeed they have a rate of infectionRead MorePopulation Control And Its Effect On The Growth Of A Human Population1126 Words   |  5 PagesPopulation control refers to the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population. Historically, this has been made possible by limiting the birth rate, usually by government mandate. It-) has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty, environmental concerns, religious reasons, and overpopulation. The idea that population control is needed to be implemented in society dates back to 1798, when Thomas Malthus suggested it in hisRead MoreChina And The Implementation Of Pinyin1646 Words   |  7 PagesOver Population in China and the implementation of Pinyin In response to massive over population in China, the Chinese over has taken drastic measures to reduce the nation’s population. The first step that was implemented was the one-child policy also known as; pinyin. Pinyin is the one child limitation on the majority of families that live in the People’s Republic of China. It is enacted under the official family planing policy. It limits the number of children marries urban couples to have toRead MoreSocial Determinants Of Health Disparities1354 Words   |  6 Pageshealth and well-being of members of the community will ultimately fail.1 The treatment of Mexican immigrants with tuberculosis (TB) by health officials in Los Angeles from 1914 to 1940 is a telling story that made salient the insidious impact of poverty and race on health, and it provides an important lesson for public health officials. The discourse of Manifest Destiny, which justified U.S. expansionism during the Mexican-American war, portrayed white Americans as superior to Mexicans and rendered

Imagine by John Lennon Analysis free essay sample

John Lennon is one of my favorite songs because it is so peaceful and full of life, love, positive feelings and happiness. Before analysing John’s work, I’d like to comment on the sophisticated structuring of this piece. Each of the three verses begins with Imagine and answers with an empathetic comment. And each verse is more challenging than the one before. So, we have: 1. Imagine theres no Heaven Its easy if you try 2. Imagine theres no countries Its not so hard to do 3. Imagine no possession I wonder if you can This increase of challenges that forms the opening of each verse is answered by a similar set of three imaginings to close each verse. This time, we have: Imagine all the people 1. living for today 2. living life in peace 3. sharing all the world Now, to analyse this brilliant piece of lyric. In the first lines: â€Å"Imagine there’s no heaven/It’s easy if you try† John Lennon is trying to implement the image of that there is nothing beyond death into our minds. We will write a custom essay sample on Imagine by John Lennon Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, what if the only life you had was on Earth? Would you do anything about it differently? The next few lines: â€Å"No hell below us/Above us only sky† signify what if there was not any bad place to spend eternity in; if you ended up not going anywhere after death as well? If there was not a hell, would you actually fear anything? There is nothing superficial or sometimes hard to believe in. It is just fact that you are going to get old, die and never have to worry about what happens after you die. Then comes the line: â€Å"Imagine all the people living for today† means that what if people did not put important things off for tomorrow? For me, this first verse is a bit controversial because everyone wants to â€Å"live forever† in a sense. In the second verse it starts off with: â€Å"Imagine there’s no countries/ It isn’t hard to do† explains a lot about the difficulty our world has been through ever since countries were established and taken over with governments. Lennon was in a way, spirited with this line because he wanted all of us to realize how much disorder comes out of greedy countries against other greedy countries. A lot of people would think that countries are necessary to preserve peace and for the human race to exist in. But in saying this, when Adam and Eve existed were they controlled by government? No, they were controlled by God and his ruling. â€Å"Nothing to kill or die for/And no religion too† are a way of saying, if there was nothing to put our faith in, would we have to put our faith solely in each other? † Lennon knew that war and violence come out of many religious differences. All religions have at least one thing in common, people worshipping. What if no body had to be in the war? Or wanted to be in the war? IMAGINE all the lives that would be back on earth. And the last line of the second verse â€Å"Imagine all the people living life in peace† which is pretty self-explanatory. If the humans of today would just accept each other’s differences, we might actually have a stable world for once. Starting the verse with â€Å"You, you may say I’m a dreamer/ but I’m not the only one† means that Lennon was not the only person who thought up all these things. I believe he wants people to know that there are people out there that think of the same things he does. He does not want to take all the credit for the incredible thoughts that he thought. In the lines â€Å"I hope some day you’ll join us/ And the world will live as one† is a metaphor for he hopes you want the same things he does. Then, the world will be on a good track. In the third verse â€Å"Imagine no possessions/ I wonder if you can† obviously means that if no body owned anything, there would not be greed and hunger. People could share the earth and everyone would have an even amount of everything. It is often hard to IMAGINE no life without computers, books, electronics, clothes, etc. The next lines go together: â€Å"No need for greed or hunger/ A brotherhood of man† goes along with the line above meaning there would not be world hunger. Each person would treat the other like they were family or a best friend. And the last line of the verse goes â€Å"Imagine all the people sharing all the world† which basically means the world is ours to have. Notice the word ours. That doesn’t mean I should claim land and not let anybody but myself, onto it. This song, simply, is telling how things are, currently, but how they dont have to be this way if we all come together as one, hoping for the same thing, a better world, so as one the world will be as one.

Lab report - mass and acceleration free essay sample

As the speed of moving object and rate, the forces acting on the object, the mass of the object, and gravitational force of it might affect the acceleration, I will investigate about the mass of the object. Aim: I will try to answer the question â€Å"How does changing the mass of an object change its acceleration? † which is to find the relationship between the mass of an object and the acceleration rate. Hypothesis: I think that a trolley with a large mass will accelerate slower than a trolley with a small mass. Apparatus: Ramp, blocks, trolley, string, masses (50g, 100g, 1kg), pulley, stop clock, sticky tape, laptop, data logger, two light gates (Labeled diagram indicated below) (Photo by: â€Å"Yenka simulations – Road Science†, http://mathsci. werribeesc. vic. edu. au/science10/Yenka/10_trolley_acceleration. html) Method for collection of data: Independent variable Mass of trolley, steepness of the ramp Dependent variable Acceleration, time taken Constant variable Temperature, slope, starting point, ending point, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report mass and acceleration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. Fasten the pulley to one end of the ramp, and place it near the end of the bench 2. Put some blocks under the other end of the ramp. 3. Push the trolley gently. If it slows down and stops, put another block under the end of the ramp. If it speeds up, take a block away. Adjust the slope of the ramp so that the trolley keeps moving. Fasten the string to the trolley, run it over the pulley, and fasten the 50 g, hanging mass to  the other end. 5. Put two light gates between the trolley and the hanging mass. 6. Connect data logger to your laptop and to the two light gates. 7. Put 500g (5 x 100g) on the trolley. Use sticky tape to hold it on if needed. 8. Click the â€Å"start† button and let go of the trolley. 9. Record the initial velocity, the final velocity and the time taken from the trolley to travel from the first light gate to the second light gate on the provided table. Repeat each mass for three times and take an average. Making a fair test: I will measure the acceleration and the time taken by computer software and data logger. I will take 3 measurements (trials) for each trolley with different weight, and take the average time taken and acceleration. Method for control of variables: I will make it a fair test by making sure that the slope of every trial is the same, and no external variables such as temperature and the type of trolley will be changed throughout the experiment. Stage 2 – Data collection I’ve found out that an object with a larger mass will accelerate slower than an object with a small mass. My results strongly but not fully support my hypothesis. However, I’m not fully certain of my conclusion, as the number of trials for each trolley is only 3 times. The time taken by the trolley with 500g and 1kg is almost the same, which might not be fully accurate. Hence, I have doubts in my conclusion and therefore I don’t think that the reliability of my experiment is high. In scientific knowledge, we can explain this experiment by the Newton’s second law of motion, which clearly indicates the relationship between acceleration, mass, and force. The equation is: Resultant force = mass x acceleration, hence, we can see that the 3 of them varies in both direct and indirect ways. We can also say that the average acceleration = change in velocity/time taken. Stage 5 – Evaluation Despite the fact that my results support my hypothesis, I can still find some errors through my experiment. For example, as the trolley has weight itself, I forgot to deduct the weight of the trolley to make the result even more accurate. Assuming that the trolley’s weight is 100g, I should deduct 100g before doing the experiment. Luckily, I still managed to adjust the best data for my work. It’s essential to make the result accurate and fair, and by doing more trails and by getting more information, the results will be more accurate, and also more precise at the same time. I think that the experiment could be improved by doing it more times. Although doing it 3 times can already ensure its accurateness, however, we could still do more trials to enhance its degree of accuracy. Throughout the experiment, we had some hiccups in letting the trolley pass through the light gates. If I could do the experiment again, I would modify the positions of the light gates. Besides, we can still try to move the position of the ramp, in order to find more about the relationship between the height and the acceleration and time. In order to increase its accuracy and reliability, I would perform the experiment in some more different masses I have the chance, because by doing it more times in different masses, I could get a more comprehensive, a more

Spain all in spanish essays

Spain all in spanish essays Espaneos de la Bahà ­a de Biscat. Es el este del Ocano Atlntico y el oeste de las Islas de Balearic. Espas que la mitad del paà ­s se compone de monta Espal tiene un papel en normas de gobierno. El primer ministro es llamado al presidente del gobierno en Espas de 500 miembros. Espan dos sistemas del tribunal, civil y militar, los Jueces deciden todos casos. Juan Carlos lleg a ser Rey de Espal jugaron un papel magnà ­fico al cambio Espa Durante los dà ­as tempranos de Espa mucho del paà ­s. Ellos cultivaron y construyeron las aldeas y los pueblos. Algunos de estos pueblos desarrollados en las primeras ciudades en Espa a establece las colonias y llev un comercio que prosper. Celtics y los romanos vinieron tambin a Espa durante las guerras de Punic y les tom 200 a tambin Portugal. Los alemanes invadieron tambin Espan Muslims. La invasin comenz en 711. Muchas gente espa a ser Muslim como resultado de la ...

Responce lettr Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Responce lettr - Essay Example Therefore, the meaning family tends to be on an individual basis because each individual could be living in a unique household. The increase in divorce rates is relatively alarming and the changes in sexual preferences have influenced families to adopt different family structures across many of the civilized nations. The implication of this is that this concept is not a unique challenge because the occurrence of broken families applies in mostdeveloping and developed societies. However, parents have the responsibility of helping their children to understand that these challenges exist rather than leaving them to suffer because of the sour relationship that may exist between them and their estranged spouses. In this case, this response letter will seek to explain how best individuals can express themselves without harming the feelings of other family members using the Johari window of disclosure. Further, it will also focus on the ways of easing dialect tension that may exist between family members using the dialect tension theory and the possible ways of communicating with them in order to avoid such tensions in the future. 1. Self-disclosure As per this scenario, the advancements made in technology such as social media helped in establishing a relationship with a sibling from the father that abandoned his family years back.The challenge here is that how does one remain loyal to the family that provides them with shelter and the other necessities of life andalsoseek to establish a bond with siblings from the other parent without hurting their feelings. One feels as though they have the obligation to lay out the facts straight before both parties, but this has a high likelihood that one of the parties might be hurt in this process (Rotenberg, 2006). Essentially, this can be challenging to the self-disclosure aspect in which one feels that developing a relationship with a family that their parents do not approve of makes them disloyal and ungrateful. Self-disclos ure is the most advisable way of handling such a situation as compared to lying, secrecy, or making hints that may suggest disloyalty to family. However, no options for maintaining a healthy relationship between family members are without consequences, but the outcome has not been as severe in the event that one comes out clean about the situation. In this case, an individual seeks to know the other family members that they share a lineage with the mistakes committed in the past are hindering the prosperity of this newfound relationship. However, the secret conversations that began without intending any harm could have been the beginning of this stalemate, but this does not mean that anyone is to blame for this situation. In this case, the mother and the stepbrother appear to be of importance, but the question that begsis to what extent. There is also the opportunity to know the stepbrotherbetter and develop a lasting relationship or maintaining the good mother-child relationship th at has existed for a much longer time. In order to establish whether the self-disclosure process is worth the risk, it is pertinent to ascertain whether it is substantive to do so or whether it is worth the risk. On the contrary, the execution ofself-disclosure should be with caution especially on the sibling met via Facebook because their personality is still a mystery. The Johari Window model of self-disclosure 1. Open/ free

Response Paper on On Being an Atheist, by H. J. McCloskey From a Essay

Response Paper on On Being an Atheist, by H. J. McCloskey From a Christian Viewpoint - Essay Example While to some this position on face value may seem to have credibility, a careful analysis of the theories from a Christian perspective shows his arguments lacking. The first thing that strikes is McCloskey’s choice of beginning his discourse with a usual and chronically pleading argument that would appear to make sense and put the entire onus of â€Å"believing† or of â€Å"faith† on a human need to want to believe, rather than a spiritual analysis of why we do. McCloskey puts forth that many theists take the position that â€Å"atheism is a cold, comfortless position,†1, and quotes one Christian as saying, â€Å"It’s harder if you don’t believe in God.† 2 McCloskey’s argument, which he extracts totally from this position, is a tired one at best, tied to a humanistic era [the 1960s] that overly promoted, at the exclusion of the spiritual founded in the intellectual, the concept of science, be it the science of human psychology or otherwise. â€Å"Proof† is the buzzword, a strange choice since proof of this overriding human need to feel comfortable in an uncomfortable world has neve r been proven, but is itself founded on the â€Å"discoveries† suggested by psychologists and sociologists and hardly based in solid scientific irrefutable fact. Much of McCloskey’s so called scientific approach falls far short of anything resembling proof. Consider McCloskey’s cosmological argument as examined by Privette (2009). â€Å"McCloskey argued that the cosmological argument was an argument from the existence of the world, as we know it.    He stated that believing in an uncaused first cause of the universe is a problem because nothing about our universe forces us to that conclusion.†3 I agree with Privette and would use the following argument, as she has, with a few of my own thoughts added on the concept of contingencies. If

Introduction to Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Philosophy Essay 1. What are the main branches of philosophy? Do philosophers have the same answers to the same philosophical questions? Why? Philosophy is a way of thinking about the big questions in life, from the existence of men to its morality. It is an activity which sharpens our reason. The word was coined by Greeks , meaning â€Å"the love of wisdom†. Philosophy can be divided into six big issues it is interested with. * First, the question about the nature of the world and the existence of Men which is under the domain of Metaphysics or also called Ontology. From the word â€Å"meta† which means beyond and â€Å"physics† which means physical it deals about beyond physical world- the spiritual. It also attempt to answer the ultimate reality of life, our reason of very existence, Who and what God is and, how everything relates to it. * Second, what are the right ways to think and build arguments which is under the field of Logic. It tries to distinguish the valid reasons from the fallacies. It also examines the different general forms that argument may take. It is primarily studied in the disciplines of philosophy, mathematics, semantics, and science. * Third, How do we know and how do we think we know which is under the area of Epistemology. From the Greek words †episteme† which means knowledge and â€Å"logia† which means study, it basically deals on how do we acquire knowledge and what is the basis for true knowledge. * Fourth, Ethics which generally centers on the morality of our actions. It differentiates wrong from right and studies character’s actions based in his intentions. This field of Philosophy is vital and applied to other disciplines such as business, medicine, science, robotics, and education. * Fifth, Issues about laws, liberty, rights, property and , politics fall under the Political Philosophy. It is also one of the sub-fields of Political Science. Its purpose is to lay bare the fundamental problems and concepts which frames the study of Politics. It also studies the great thinkers of the past which shapes politics such as Socrates, Plato, Adam Smith and Hobbes. * Lastly, Aesthetics which deals on what is beautiful. Mainly it tries to answer questions which deals in art- music, painting, poetry, and such. It attempts to distinguish what is beautiful, what has taste, and what has artistic value. Philosophy can also be subdivided into three specific categories which are, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Language, and Philosophy of Science. These are branches which deal to questions their respective field of subject matters such as what exactly is a mind? how does language work? and Does science has responsibility to humanity? An Educator can ask a question to his students and would receive different responses . We can even expect complex answers to a simple question. It is because people view things in different perspectives, have different degree of intelligence, exposed to different environment, influenced by different people and ideas, and have personal insights and experiences which differ from one person to another. People thoughts varies and no idea can be of an exact match of another. In my opinion, Humans’ mind are like his fingerprint, We all have our fingerprints but its design- the curves and lines is unique in each individual. There might be similarities in ideas between individuals but in some point they contradict. For example, the two famous philosophers, John Locke and Thomas Hobbes both support the â€Å"Social Contract Theory† in which men enter a mutual agreement to surrender some of their liberty to authority in return of protection, both also, believe that men can exist without government and speak of its dangers in this kind of state-State of Nature. For Hobbes, the entire time that man is in a state of nature, he is in a state of war. He states that â€Å"if any two men cannot enjoy the same thing, they become enemies and in the way to their end†¦. endeavor to destroy or subdue one another† (Wootton, 158). Locke too points out risks, saying that without the â€Å"law of nature† everyone may execute decisions, leading to a state of war (Wootton, 290). However, despite of the similarities, Locke believes that people enter to social contract to seek peace and avoid the fear of death and living in State of Nature is brutish and chaotic while Hobbes believes that State of Nature is important and do exist in some ways such as among governments and leaders. Locke’s view on State of Nature is pessimistic in contrast to Hobbes which he thinks has some potential benefits. Philosophers do not have the same answer to a certain question. Each philosopher present different examples and take different stand on a certain idea. 2. Why has philosophy lost importance in the priorities of contemporary man? Philosophy had the paramount role during the ancient education. It created great and wise thinkers such as Socrates, Plato, and, Seneca and influenced bright minds such as Descartes, Adam Smith, and Karl Marx. Although the subject Philosophy is only introduce in higher level of studies in modern years, it diffuses its idea and being applied to core subjects such as mathematics, science, and language. Philosophy is still vital in learning until today. The decreasing value given in philosophy arises in the way modern man receive and gather information. Core subjects like Science should teach us to Inquire, to Analyze, to Think, and to Search- which are roles of philosophy but, Educators and with the convenience at reach, Students are being spoon-fed with facts from books and other resource materials instead of encouraging them to explore. They are bound with rules and regulations without giving them a chance to ask why they should follow orders. Students fail to analyze things because most Educators present facts and inculcate it to them through rote memorization instead of validating it. Learners learn facts but never learn to reason. They become man of knowledge but never become man of substance. The decreasing importance of philosophy in modern days is ascribed partly, to us Educators for failing to emphasize and apply its essence to the students. We teach the students to be dependent on the facts provided in books and internet, for we believe that it offers a vast amount of information forgetting that one’s mind can offer limitless insights on a certain topic. 3. Why should philosophy be restored to its former prominence in the priorities of contemporary man? Philosophy is vital in man’s learning and improvement. Giving answers to man’s most perplexed questions or even to the simplest question that bother us gives us sense of satisfaction and purpose in life. In modern times, Philosophy is essential in choosing decisions that has impact on our future such as career path, religion, core beliefs, and even to work or business. Philosophy should never be undermine and be restricted to as a mere subject. It is a way of thinking and essential in making a wise decision hence, should be integrated in daily living. 4. How does western philosophy differ from the eastern? In General, Western Philosophy promotes individualism and more interested in finding and validating the truth while Eastern Philosophy is more interested in finding the balance within ones self in order to live in harmony with others and thus promoting collectivism. Also, East philosophy which emerged in China is spiritual in nature as opposed to West which starts from Greece is naturalistic and subject to research. Individualism of the West gives meaning to the worth a person as an individual. It gives stress on liberty and self-reliance. â€Å"Man is directly a natural being. As a natural being and as a living natural being he is on the one hand endowed with natural powers, vital powers — he is an active natural being. These forces exist in him as tendencies and abilities — as instincts. On the other hand, as a natural, corporeal, sensuous objective being he is a suffering, conditioned and limited creature, like animals and plants. A being which does not have its nature outside itself is not a natural being, and plays no part in the system of nature. A being which has no object outside itself is not an objective being. â€Å" Marx, Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy in General (1844). â€Å"Self-expression is individuality, and our individuality is our self, which ought to be our chief concern† Ernest Dimnet (1928) The Art of Thinking p. 250 â€Å"If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away. † Henry David Thoreau, Walden: Or, Life in the Woods (1854), chapter 18, p. 210. Collectivism of the East emphasizes the interdependence of individual among others. â€Å"If I am walking with two other men, each of them will serve as my teacher. I will pick out the good points of the one and imitate them, and the bad points of the other and correct them in myself. † â€Å"Without feelings of respect, what is there to distinguish men from beasts? † Confucius â€Å"A leader is best when people barely know he exists, when his work is done, his aim fulfilled, they will say: we did it ourselves. † â€Å"Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength, while loving someone deeply gives you courage. † Lao Tzu â€Å"The highest education is that which does not merely give us information but makes our life in harmony with all existence. † Rabindranath Tagore.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Have you ever had an experience of morning paralysis where you see yourself lying down, and you think you're awake so you try to get up, but suddenly you realize that you can't move? I have, several times. They have been the most frustrating and scariest times of my life. As I try harder to move, concentrating all my energy into moving one arm, the deeper I seem to be sinking in this indescribable feeling of entrapment. I hear the people outside my room and try to get their attention by screaming. Instead, I hear a soft slurred sound coming from my throat. Then I start to panic. I can't breathe! My energy is depleted and my body is exhausted. Eventually, I start to relax. The first time this happened to me, a mosquito landed on my big toe while I was thinking of what to do. Without being consciously aware of it, I move my big toe. My body jerks and suddenly I can move! Thank God for the mosquito, otherwise I wouldn't have known that all I had to do was move my big toe towards me. Eve r since, whenever I would have another one of these experiences, I would relax and gently move my big toe towards me. If you've had one of these experiences, then you've probably had a glimpse of how it feels to have a fully developed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), more commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a neurological disorder that involves the degeneration of motor neurons. A-myo-trophic is derived from the Greek language. A connotes something negative or none. Myo means it has something to do with the muscles. Trophic translates to "nourishment". (1) The term Lateral is attributed to the parts of the spinal cord that ALS usually affects. (2) The scarring that results from the degeneration of these neurons and nerves in the spinal cord is known as sclerosis. (2) In 1941, Lou Gehrig, a famous baseball player, died of ALS. His name has been associated with this progressive fatal neuromuscular disease ever since. (3) Another person whose name is associated with this disease is the French neurologist, Dr. Jean-Martin Charcot. He was the first to identify that motor neurons from the spinal cord are the main part of the nervous system affected by this disease, in 1869. For that, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is also known as maladie de Charcot.

My First Summer In The Sierra By John Muir Essay

John Muir’s view of the sierras was filled with the high, cool, and green pastures of the peaking mountains, with forest belts that show the melting snow, and with shining streams to be crossed. The foothills show bushes, trees (usually oak trees), and slate. There were Sabine pines that peak from the southwest side, along small fields and vineyards that were marked by falls and streams. The Horseshoe bend was really glorious. As pictured, Horseshoe Bend came full in sight—a glorious wilderness that seemed to be calling with a thousand songful voices. Bold, down-seeping slopes, feathered with pines and clumps of Manzanita with sunny, open spaces between them, make up most of the foreground; the middle and background present fold beyond fold of finely modeled hills and ridges rising into maintain-like masses in the divine landscape-countenance are so burned into mind and heart they surely can never grow dim. This type of view had a great impact on the flock of sheep, as it enjoyed plenty of green grass. This is shown in the following lines: â€Å"The sheep, now grassy and good-natured, slowly nibbled their way down into the valley of the North Fork. † The surrounding beauty did not only have strong impact on the flock but, most of all, to Muir: How deep our sleep last night in the mountain’s heart, beneath the trees and stars, hushed by solemn-sounding waterfalls and many small soothing voices in sweet accord whispering peace! And our first pure mountain day, warm, calm, cloudless, –how immeasurable it seems, how serenely wild! (Muir 1998, 32) For Muir, the appeal of the mountains seemed to converge down to his very soul†¦ leaving him moments of glory that touched his mind and heart for the majestic scene of nature. Later in life, Muir protected the Hetch-Hetchy Valley in a seven-year environmental struggle that centered on gaining water rights on the said valley. Muir correctly predicted that the building of a dam would be unsightly to have a lake around the perimeter; yet his struggle ended up to be a breakdown, with the signing of the Raker Act in 1913. BIBLIOGRAPHY â€Å"Hetch Hetchy Valley. † Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia (2008). Database on-line. Muir, John. My First Summer in the Sierra. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Books, 1998.

Reanalyze the Relationship of the West and Islamic...

Samuel P. Huntington thesis has been in center of debates for many years. Moreover, his prediction that main conflicts in near future is between the West (the United States and allies) versus Islamic Civilization has triggered controversy among International Relations scholars. This paper tries to analyze three main supportive arguments from Huntington thesis in the West v. Islam conflict. Democracy System v. Islamic Laws Samuel P. Huntington stated that Muslims unable to accept democracy because of the nature of Islamic law and this situation potentially lead to the virulent clash between the West and Islamic countries. He argued that Islam is the exclusive religion which is not flexible to adopt another political idea. This situation is†¦show more content†¦For comparison, the West accepts blasphemy as one of the manifestation of freedom of speech while Muslim rejects it. Democracy is the system with multi-interpretations. How the U.S. interprets democracy will be different from the rest of the world interpretation. The basic idea of democracy is government which is ruled by the people. Yet, the implementation of democracy is different in each country; it depends on historical and cultural factors in the country. Pakistan, Egypt and Indonesia are Muslim dominated countries that prove their ability to maintain democratic system sustainably. Based on this fact , it is my hypothesis that Islam country fit with democratic system as long their Islamic values still be respected by the West. In the future, the intensive conflict between the West and Islamic countries is avoidable if both parties maintain relationship with a deep mutual understanding. The Resurgence of Islam In his hypothesis towards the rise of Islam, Huntington stated that Arabs in the Middle East passion in defending Islam arise when Saddam Hussein had attacked Israel, the country which is considered as the West’s agent in the Middle East. He urged that this incident has triggered Arabs initiative to unite and build Islamic civilization triumph. Previously, Muslim empire lasted for nearly 1,000 years and at that time Muslims gain

Domestic Violence And Sexual Violence - 859 Words

Domestic violence occurs in all economic, ethnic, and social backgrounds of every society of the world. In Canada, 546, 000 men suffer from domestic violence; that equates to 6% of the male population (Family Violence). The number of women who are victimized through intimate violence total around 653, 000; that equates to 7% of the female population (Family Violence). The amount of abuse being directed towards men is essentially the same amount that is directed towards women. However, the family Violence has on the parent-child relationships referring to the father as the abuser or the perpetrator of domestic violence and the mother as the victim of domestic violence. Both men and women are abused; however, there is lack of research and lack of awareness that leading father’s being the victim and mother’s being the perpetrators. A study done by Denise Hines, a professor of psychology at Clark University, found that men who attempted to contact police, domestic violence agencies, and abuse hotlines were because â€Å"Police that focus on severe violence by men towards women† ( Hines and Douglas). Background literature family violence According to this literature insight a different perspective about the research dealing with domestic violence has also focused mainly on women as victims and men as perpetrator. The extent of abuse against men is more terrifying than terrified, feeling humiliated than they are of being battered because† the belief the police would not take anyShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence1411 Words   |  6 PagesThe term domestic violence is defined as the deliberate frightening, sexual and physical assault, or a behavior that is abusive or intolerable to others as a part of the regular sequence of power and the domination executed by one confidant companion to the other. The patterns of domestic violence usually comprise of the sexual violence, abusing the partner emotionally, psychological assault, and the physical violence. It is dramatic that how the severity and the frequency of the occurrences of theRead MoreDomestic Violenc e And Sexual Violence1237 Words   |  5 Pages1.0 Introduction Domestic violence or intimate partner violence can occur in any type of relationship. There are many types of domestic violence including; social, physical, emotional and spiritual. Domestic violence is all about one person wanting control and power over the other and it can be expressed in many ways. It can occur in more than one way such as; coercion, threats, intimidation, isolation, stalking, sexual abuse, and economic abuse. It can also be a single act or a pattern of behaviourRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence1237 Words   |  5 Pages1.0 Introduction Domestic violence or intimate partner violence can occur in any type of relationship. There are many types of domestic violence including; social, physical, emotional and spiritual. Domestic violence is all about one person wanting control and power over the other and it can be expressed in many ways. It can occur in more than one way such as; coercion, threats, intimidation, isolation, stalking, sexual abuse, and economic abuse. It can also be a single act or a pattern of behaviourRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence, also labeled as family violence and intimate-partner violence, is psychological, physical and sexual violence that takes place within home environment. Adults and children can both be victims. Domestic violence is a major human rights issue across the world, and one of New Zealand’s most serious social issues. One in three women in Aotearoa will experience an abusive relationship, with many more coming dangerously close. Reason Domestic violences occurs when the abuser wantingRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence3281 Words   |  14 Pagesappropriate definition of domestic violence is to clearly distinguish domestic violence from physical violence in general. Due to its nature, cases of domestic violence require specific treatment and perspective as it can be identified in many concealed forms and would not leave behind physical wounds. Therefore to know the types and forms of violence the victims have to face is crucial to develop a legal response. Walter (1969) gave a comprehensive definition of violence as â€Å"destructive harm includingRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence1535 Words   |  7 Pageslifetime (Domestic Violence Statistics, 2015). The topic that will be studied with the paper is intimate partner violence or another term that can be used is domestic violence. Domestic violence or intimate partner violence is the systematic pattern or control or power perpetuated by one partner against another (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, n.d.). Throughout the paper the term domestic violence and intimate violence will be used interchangeably. The misconception is that domestic violenceRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Abuse881 Words   |  4 Pagesallegations of domestic abuse against current players. In it, a woman phones the police, forced to pretend to be ordering a pizza in order to not raise suspicion from her abuser, who is in the room with her. The creator of the commercial, No More, is an advocacy group that is working to end domestic violence and sexual abuse. On their website, they cite the 2013 Avon Foundation for Women’s NO MORE study, which found that while nearly two thirds of Americans know a victim of domestic or sexual abuse, thoseRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Harassment1645 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Violence is an ever growing problem across the globe. In particular, violence against women is at an all time high. Although many cases of violence against women are reported, it is in statistical data that half of all cases are not reported. Some are not reported because of fears, relationship severances, and other unknown reasons. The main types of abuse on women are domestic and sexual harassment (Nosheen, 2011). Follow this paper carefully while it takes you on an expedition ofRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Abuse1478 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review Background of Study ​Anger and violence happen at every level in the family, which ultimately destroys the family life, and it happens with couples, parents, children and also siblings. However, females have primarily been the target of violence (Payne Wermeling, 2009). Domestic abuse is often recurring and it signifies that one partner in the relationship threatens the other psychologically, economically and sexually by harming them physically or threatening to harm themRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Abuse1431 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic violence by definition is a violent or aggressive way of being within the confines of the home; in most occasions it is typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. There are various cues that display an abuse relationship; domestic violence is just the definition of the type of abuse itself. Abusive individuals that are most likely to commit domestic violence actions are said to need to feel in charge of the relationship. They will make decisions for you and the family

Common Performance Related Problems For Health Care...

INTRODUCTION Team work is a crucial element in all organisations especially in health care facility which caters to the needs of elderly clients wherein the safety and the lives of the clients are at stake. The requirements for any organisation to achieve success are team cooperation, unity, and most importantly, a shared vision. In a team where there are members who are different from one another, especially with the old staff and new team members, conflicts may arise that may compromise the quality of service being delivered to our clients (University of Minnesota, 2008). Common Performance Related Problems are the following: 1. Poor Time Management †¢ Poor prioritisation, timing and scheduling †¢ Lost time o Tardiness, absenteeism, leaving without proper authorisation o Excessive phone use, break time o Misuse of sick leave †¢ Slow response to work requests, untimely completion of assignments 2. Lack of coordination and poor communication 3. Inappropriate Behaviours (poor attitude) †¢ Negativism, unwillingness to cooperation, hostility †¢ Insubordination †¢ Refusal to take responsibility (passing the buck) †¢ Failure or refusal to follow instructions 4. Resistance to change †¢ Resistance to policy, procedure, work method changes †¢ Unwillingness, refusal or inability to update skills †¢ Lack of flexibility in response to problems An effective team makes use of the skills and potentials of each member and synergise it to develop solutions to the problem encountered inShow MoreRelatedPatient Safety Is A Major Concern For All Health Care1618 Words   |  7 Pagesa major concern for all health care providers. Two areas of safety that are relevant to my practice in an outpatient surgical center are medication errors and the electronic error reporting. The Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN) is the organization that was used to support my project. The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) Initiative competency that was chosen for my indirect clinical project (ICP) was safety. Everyone in the health care environment wants to be keptRead MoreThe Impact of Health Insurance Plans on Health Organizations870 Words   |  3 Pagesasked about their views on health insurance plans and its impact on their health organization. They discussed about the major health outcomes that are seen because of health insurance plans. Majority people stated that insurance plans are strongly related to improved health outcomes. Since, the access to the health care is easier and affordable so people take care of their health more appropriately. People easily obtain preventive and screening services, mental health services and prescription drugRead MoreActive And Working : Managing Acute Low Back Pain Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagesworking adult has experienced back pain in their life. Acute back pain is very common especially for working adults. Nine out of ten people will feel either an acute or severe back pain at some time in their lives. The usual thinking of people is that if you are experiencing back pain, you should rest and just lie down. But if it is possible, it helps when you still stay active and at work to speed up recovery (National Health Committee, 2000). Back pain doesn’t only affect the person by the pain he/sheRead MoreHealth Care Of Keny A Public Health Problem Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesHealth care in Kenya Tropical diseases, especially malaria and tuberculosis, have long been a public health problem in Kenya. In recent years, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), also has become a severe problem. Estimates of the incidence of infection differ widely. General information of Health in Kenya: Kenya spent 5.1% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on healthcare in 2002. 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Palliative Care for Dying - Death and Grief -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePalliative Care for Dying, Death and Grief. Answer: Grief and Bereavement It is a belief and something to the knowledge of everyone that death exists and through death more meaning is attached to our existence but it reminds us of how valuable and precious life is. It, therefore, becomes very stressful and emotional for an individual to lose a loved one. It becomes very hard and at time unbelievable that the people we loved and cherished are living no more hence the need to cope up with a situation of their non-existence(Kessler, 2016). When one loses a loved one he experiences bereavement which loosely means he is deprived of something by death. The occurrence death leads to an experience of a range of emotions including anger, disbelief, humiliation, confusion, shock, despair, sadness and guilt among others and in most cases people are not prepared for the duration and intensity of such emotions. Bereavement Bereavement refers to the grieving and acknowledging that a loved one is deceased. It is the condition of loss that an individual suffers when someone close to him has died. One of the greatest sorrows that an individual can experience is the loss of a loved one. Bereavement feelings can also be accompanied by other losses, for example, a termination of a vital relationship, deterioration in your health or the health of someone you care about(Worden J. W., 2013). Grief Grieving is the external or outward expression of ones loss and is normally expressed emotionally, physically and psychologically. Depression is a way of expressing grief psychologically while crying or mourning is a way of physical expression. Grief is accompanied by physical symptoms such as loss of appetite, energy loss, stomach pains, sleep disturbances and even intestinal upsets(Pattee, 2011). Mourning tests the natural defense system of an individual. At times profound emotional reactions may take place. Some of these reactions include depression, thoughts of suicide, anxiety attacks and chronic fatigue. The intensity of grief an individual experience is determined by the nature of the death and the relationship with the dead person. The death of a child creates a feeling of injustice to the bereaved and a loss of potential, unfulfilled dreams. It creates a sense of senseless suffering. On the other hand, the death of a spouse is traumatic and may culminate into a financial crisis. Everyone has his own way of expressing and feeling grief but there are certain stages that are common to the mourning process. It all begins with according that a loss has occurred and going on until the loss is finally accepted(Kessler, 2016). People grieving normally report crying spells and low productivity at work. This is due to the challenge that comes with accepting the situation at first. But as soon as the initial shock is eroded, feelings of anger replace the denial of the loss. The anger may be directed to nurses, God, oneself, the dead person, doctors or even other loved ones. Guilt, the presence of physical problems, hostility and continued thought of the dead person are indicators of grief. Through mourning, people learn to adapt to a loss and is usually a factor of the cultural rituals, customs and the rules of the society regarding coping with losses(Worden J. W., 2010). Stages of Grief Grief is a normal occurrence hence should not be treated as a condition for illness but instead, a natural response to that expresses towards the loss of someone important to an individual. The bereaved may experience a variety of emotion depending on a number of reasons among them ended relationships, loss of a job or demise of a loved one. Grief occurs in various stages as the individual struggles to come to terms with the current development. The common stages of grief include; Denial: This occurs at the first time of learning about a loss and in most cases treated as if it is an imagination as opposed to a reality(Kessler, 2016). It may be accompanied by shock or even numb and expresses a temporary way of handling the sudden overwhelming emotions. Denial is used as a defense mechanism against coming to terms with a loss and the shock that comes with it. Through denial, we block out words about the loss and shy away from facts. Anger: A feeling of frustration and helpless crops in when the reality dawns as individual experiences the pain of the loss. Such feelings are turned into anger thereafter and may be direct to life as a whole, God or even other people including doctors, nurses, other loved ones or the deceased. Rationally, it is to our understanding that the deceased is not to blame for the occurrence but still due to emotions resent the person for leaving us or causing us pain. It is equally natural to be angry with the deceased and a feeling of being left alone(Strada, 2013). Bargaining: At this stage, the bereaved tend to focus on what he could do in order to prevent the loss from occurring. Such thoughts as what if.' and if only.' Tend to strike the mind and leaves the bereaved partly blaming self for the loss. At times, with the aim of protecting us from the painful reality with us, an individual is attempted to make deals with God secretly in a bid to postpone what cannot be evaded(Mallon, 2010). Depression: As one begins to comprehend the loss and the effects it has come with in his life he experiences sadness. Depression occurs in two types and is usually associated with mourning. The initial depression is a response to the practical effects associated with the loss and is predominated by regret and sadness(Turner, 2017). Loss of or decrease in appetite, crying and even sleep issues are the signs of depression that the bereaved is likely to experience. There may be also feelings of loneliness, overwhelm and regrets. This depression can be eased by reassurance and simple clarification through the use of a few kind words. The second depression type is more private and subtle and involves a preparation to detach and bid our loved ones farewell. At times a hug does significantly in improving this form of depression. Acceptance: This the final stage of grief, one comes to terms with the loss experienced and understands that the situation cannot be reversed(Worden J. W., 2013). At this stage, the individual is able to move forward with life despite sadness resulting from the loss. These stages of grief are experienced by every individual who experiences a loss even though they may not be experienced in a logical manner. Some people may go through them in a back and forth manner while others may skip or two of them. Such events as anniversaries tend to remind of a loss and may, in turn, return the lost grief. Worden's Four Tasks of Mourning Worden, while explaining on the Four Tasks of Mourning in his book, he claims that there are four tasks that an individual must accomplish in order to complete the mourning process and the reestablishment of the equilibrium to occur(Mallon, 2010). He states that there is no order of the four tasks but there exists a natural order of the completion such that the completion of one culminates into the beginning of another. The four tasks include; Admitting the actual occurrence of the loss Understanding and accepting the pain of grief Adjusting or adapting to an environment of non-existence of the deceased Finding a long-lasting link with the dead person as one embarks on starting a new life(Strada, 2013) Accepting the actual occurrence of the loss: The death of someone comes with a sense of disbelief which is literally defined as denial. Supporting the bereaved in achieving both the emotional and intellectual realization of the actual death of a loved one is important. Some of the ways of accepting the reality among them performing the funerals and memorial rituals and beginning to talk about the deceased person in past tense, Worden says(Worden J. W., 2010). Accepting the significance of the loss as well as the death mechanism makes accomplishing this task a bit of a challenge. Deaths by suicide, stigma or overdose are quite difficult to accept(Almeida, 2014). Being stuck in grief and feel trapped in obsessive thoughts as well as about the relationship is an indication of not coming to terms with all the aspects of the loss. Acceptance, in this case, refers to the readiness to begin a new journey of healing and may not be taken to mean approval or severing ties to the past. Understanding and accepting the pain: The second task is about working through the pain brought by the grief. This encompasses identifying the emotions associated with the grief that one is likely to experience and work through them(Turner, 2017). Such emotions may include emptiness, sadness, anger, anxiety, longing, numbness or confusion. This stage is considered to be the adaptive stage. It is important to note that the prescription of grief is to grieve implying that there is no mechanism of getting around grief other than going through it. Through this task, Worden recognizes that each individual and each loss requires working through a range of emotions. Recognizing, talking about and fathoming the complex emotions that come with the grief are important in the accomplishment of this task. The only danger at this task is attempting to avoid and deny ones feelings. This stage may cause such effects as loss of appetite, complete exhaustion, sore muscles and difficulty in decision making and hence it is important that one is patient and permit the feelings to wash over so as to process them. Proper self-care should be observed at this stage and such strategies as proper eating, sleeping well, engaging in physical exercises and spending time with other people should be deployed(Almeida, 2014). Adjusting to an environment of the non-existence of the deceased: In task three, Worden acknowledges the roles affected by the loss and the relationship with the deceased. This task takes time to be accomplished and depends much on internal, external and spiritual adjustments. With time the normal routine duties will need to be resumed. It would take quite long enough time to realize the roles that the loved ones were performing ranging from companionship, parenting, paying bills(William, 2012). Depending on the relationship with the deceased person, adjusting to a new environment means different things to different people besides the responsibilities the deceased were undertaking. The task is achievable by developing the required skills to confidently move forward in the new spiritual, internal and external environment(Pattee, 2011). The non-existence of the loved one calls for an adjustment to a new spiritual environment caused by the demise of the loved one. To successfully achieve this task, the bereaved needs to be equipped with various new skills and tasks among them living alone, a redefinition of one's perception to self in the absence of the other person and being an only child. To successfully accomplish this task, one may consider asking for help should there need be. Task four involves an everlasting connection with the deceased as one embarks on a new life. This basically means finding a link in the emotional lives with the deceased as we allow ourselves to continue with life. It entails allowing memories and thoughts and at the same time engaging in activities which bring pleasure and comfort i.e. new relationships or new activities. According to Worden, failing to accomplish this task amounts to not living(William, 2012). To him, it means life stopped as soon as the loved one died and the bereaved is not able to find any meaning in life again. This perception comes up when the believed person gives a different look to the connection to the deceased. Achieving this task takes a long time(Kessler, 2016). The relationship with a deceased loved one tends to change and evolves as the life of the bereaved is changing over time. At times the bereaved feels closer to the loved one while at other times one may feel to invite the deceased with the to a party. A member of one's spiritual or religious community may help in finding an everlasting connection with the deceased. In summary, it is practically impossible to alter the fact that a loved one is gone but instead have a variety of choices to choose from on how to respond. While others may choose to remain wrapped up in sorrow, others may choose to be happy in a world without them which may be perceived to be betrayal and diminishing to them. We can choose to heal from grief and learn to bring back the lost happiness ad joy to our lives thereby enabling a new forward life. According to Worden the process of mourning is only fully completed when the four tasks are accomplished. References Almeida, R. (2014). The Politics of Mourning: Grief Management in Cross-cultural Fiction. New York: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. Kessler, D. (2016). On Grief and Grieving: Finding the Meaning of Grief Through the Five Stages of Loss. Chicago: Simon and Schuster. Mallon, B. (2010). Dying, Death and Grief: Working with Adult Bereavement. Manchester: SAGE. Pattee, K. L. (2011). Helping to Facilitate Normal Grief: A Workbook for Psychotherapists Using Worden's Four Tasks of Mourning. California: California State University, Northridge. Strada, E. A. (2013). Grief and Bereavement in the Adult Palliative Care Setting. New York: OUP USA. Turner, J. H. (2017). Handbook of the Sociology of Emotions. London: Springer Science Business Media. William, W. J. (2012). Grief Counselling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner. New York: Routledge. Worden, J. W. (2010). Grief Counselling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner. New York: Routledge. Worden, J. W. (2013). Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy, Fourth Edition: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner. London: Springer Publishing Company.

Toyota Company free essay sample

Company Background INTRODUCTION Toyota is one of the world’s best-known and most successful businesses, building cars and trucks in 27 countries for sale in more than 170 markets around the globe. Worldwide production was 9. 5 million (8. 5 million for Toyota and Lexus brand vehicles) in 2007, placing Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) firmly among the world’s leading vehicle manufacturers. This result keeps it on course to achieve its ambition of becoming the world number one by the end of the decade, with a 15 per cent market share. Toyota global production in 2006 was more than nine million vehicles. That’s the equivalent of one car coming off the production line every 3. 5 seconds, every minute, every hour, every day. A key element in Toyota’s success is its commitment to designing, engineering and building cars in the world regions where they will be sold. In Europe, this local manufacturing policy was launched in 1989 with the founding of Toyota Motor Manufacturing UK, just ahead of the opening of Toyota’s first European production centres: a car plant at Burnaston, near Derby, and an engine factory at Deeside, in North Wales. We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Company or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page UK production has risen steadily and Toyota has become a key player in the nation’s manufacturing industry. With more than 75 per cent of its UK output destined for export, Toyota also makes a valuable contribution to the national balance of payments. Burnaston is responsible for worldwide production of the Toyota Avensis and has the distinction of being the first Toyota factory to export cars to the company’s â€Å"home† market in Japan. In 2004 Toyota invested a further ? 50 million to increase production at Burnaston to 285,000 vehicles a year and in 2005 TMUK’s achievements were recognised with the Queen’s Award for International Trade. More investment followed in 2008, with the announcement of ? 88 million for the launch of production of a new petrol engine at Deeside from 2009. Britain remains an important and vibrant market for new car sales. Toyota (GB) PLC is the company responsible for sales, marketing, after sales and customer relations, employing more than 400 people at a landmark headquarters building in Surrey. In 2007 it reported its 15th year in a row of record sales, consolidating the UK’s position as one of Toyota’s strongest European markets. Toyota (GB) PLC headquarters in Epsom, Surrey. Toyota Motor Corporation includes the Toyota, Lexus and Daihatsu brands, Hino trucks and the youth-focused North American marque Scion. TOYOTA HISTORY The Toyota success story is built on innovation, both in terms of its products and the processes by which they are made. In 1918, Sakichi Toyoda revolutionised the weaving industry with his invention of an automatic loom. The proceeds from the sale of his patent to a British firm – Platt Brothers of Oldham – provided his son Kichiro with the finances to make a start in the developing car industry. The pioneering work practices that Sakichi had developed for his loom business were easily adapted to the new automotive operation and in 1936 the first prototype car, the Toyoda AA, was completed. Sakichi Toyoda prepared his car manufacturing business by visiting the USA and observing Ford’s production lines. Back home he adapted that system to suit the smaller number of cars to be built in his own factory. The following year the Toyota Motor Corporation was formed with an investment of about ? 300,000. It had a tough time establishing itself, as the Japanese car market was dominated by American imports from Ford and General Motors. World War II also threatened to destroy the enterprise, but Toyota survived and in 1947 celebrated building its 100,000th vehicle. In the 1950s Toyota laid the foundations for a new system of manufacturing vehicles. This was developed into the Toyota Production System, an exceptionally efficient set of principles that have been widely used and adapted within the motor industry and beyond. At the same time as it was honing its manufacturing processes, Toyota was also looking closely at how to design and engineer more desirable and competitive products for international markets. Sales companies were set up in Taiwan and Saudi Arabia before overseas production began, albeit on a small scale, in Brazil in 1959. It was in the early 1960s that Toyota began importing cars to Europe, first to Denmark. In 1965 it entered the UK market, launching the Corona saloon at the Earls Court Motor Show. The following year the original Corolla was launched, the first appearance of what was destined to become the world’s most successful model range with sales of more than 30 million worldwide. In 1965, the price tag on the Corona, Toyota’s first UK model, was ? 1,000. That’s the equivalent of about ? 12,000 in today’s money. The Corolla made its debut in the UK in 1966 Toyota’s interests have not been confined to the automotive sector. Beyond its original textile weaving business, the company has expanded into prefabricated housing, telecommunications and boat-building. Its global activities continue to grow and in 2005 production of the Aygo city car began at a new factory in the Czech Republic, a joint venture between Toyota and Peugeot Citroen PSA, and a new engine plant in Poland came on stream, building a new generation of diesel engines. In December 2007 Toyota opened its first factory in Russia, to build Camry models. TOYOTA (GB) PLC Toyota (GB) PLC is the national marketing and sales company for Toyota and Lexus vehicles in the UK. That makes it responsible for all sales, marketing, after sales and customer relations issues nationwide. The company’s headquarters are at Great Burgh, a purpose-built, landmark building near Epsom, Surrey, where all principle operations are co-ordinated by a staff of more than 400 people. Vehicle imports are through a facility at Portbury, near Bristol, and sales are handled by a national network of around 200 Toyota and 50 Lexus centres. In early 2003 a dedicated network of Toyota Business Centres was established within the sales network to cater specifically for commercial customers for both cars and light commercial vehicles. In 2007 Toyota sold 133,545 new Toyota and Lexus cars and 9,891 light commercial vehicles in the UK. Toyota UK Sales YEAR 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 TOYOTA 70,411 79,298 77,799 83,621 98,154 104,498 117,531 121,081 122,534 117,811 118,432 TOYOTA LCV 6,550 7,924 6,540 6,316 5,774 7,277 6,638 6,968 5,454 6,532 9,891 LEXUS 2,054 3,269 6,904 8,934 11,335 9,452 9,527 10,047 10,548 14,491 15,113 TOTAL SALES 79,015 82,567 84,703 98,871 115,263 121,227 133,696 138,096 138,536 139,034 143,436 National Training Centres Toyota pays close attention to providing focused, high quality training, recognising that quality of service and efficiency depend on the development of individual skills. In 2002 a ? 3 million complex was opened at Nottingham Trent University, housing the Toyota and Lexus Academies. These skills centres are equipped with classrooms, showrooms, a training workshop and a body/paint shop that can handle up to 10,000 delegates a year. In partnership with the university, both formal qualifications and professional development programmes are offered. Toyota’s training opportunities extend to a successful apprentice scheme for inmates at the Aylesbury Young Offenders Institution. Several young men have gone on to worthwhile careers in the motor industry after their release. In addition to the academies, Toyota operates a national dealer training centre at Salfords, near Gatwick. European – Global Production Training Centre In spring 2005, Toyota announced a new European production training centre would be built in the UK. The ? 11. 2 million facility was constructed in the grounds of the Burnaston plant and opened in Spring 2006. Known as E-GPC (European – Global Production Training Centre), it provides skills training in production and maintenance for up to 1,000 employees a year from Toyota manufacturing operations across Europe. E-GPC is an extension of Toyota’s Global Production Centre, which opened in Toyota City, Japan, in 2003. UK PRODUCT RANGE With nine passenger models and three light commercial vehicles, Toyota has one of the largest product ranges on the UK market. In addition, there are five Lexus luxury and sport models. Outline details of the range are given below. Toyota Aygo †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ City car, launched in summer 2005 Toyota’s smallest model for the European market Available with the world’s lightest and most fuel efficient 1. 0-litre petrol engine Built in the Czech Republic Toyota Yaris †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Second-generation model launched January 2006 Three and five-door hatchbacks 1. 0,1. 3 and 1. 8-litre petrol and 1. 4-litre diesel engines Built in France Toyota’s best-selling model in Europe Toyota Auris †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Three and five-door hatchbacks All-new model launched in February 2007 Designed from the â€Å"inside out† to maximise usable cabin space 1. 4 and 1. 6-litre petrol and 1. 4, 2. 0 and 2. 2-litre diesel engines Built in the UK and Turkey Toyota Verso †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Seven-seat compact MPV Toyota Easy Flat system for folding all rear seats into vehicle floor 1. and 1. 8-litre VVT-i petrol and 2. 0 and 2. 2-litre D-4D diesel engines Built in Turkey Toyota Avensis †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Upper-medium saloon, hatchback and Tourer estate Flagship of Toyota’s European model range, designed in Europe and built exclusively in the UK 1. 8 and 2. 0-litre V VT-i petrol and 2. 0 and 2. 2-litre D-4D diesel engines. Awarded top five-star rating for occupant crash protection in Euro NCAP testing Toyota Prius †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ World’s cleanest family car Five-door, five-seat saloon Powered by Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive, a combination of 1. -litre petrol engine and 500-Volt electric motor European Car of the Year 2005 Built in Japan Toyota RAV4 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Third-generation RAV4 launched February 2006 Five-door sports-utility vehicle Europe’s best-selling SUV 2. 0 VVT-i petrol and 2. 2-litre D-4D diesel engines Built in Japan Toyota Land Cruiser †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ World’s best-selling SUV, with heritage of more than 50 years 3. 0-litre D-4D and 4. 0-litre V6 petrol engines Three and five-door body styles with seating for up to eight Built in Japan Toyota Land Cruiser V8 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Toyota’s most advanced 44 New 4. -litre V8 diesel engine World’s first four-wheel Active Height Control and Adaptive Variable Suspension UK launch mid-February 2008, replacing Land Cruiser Amazon Built in Japan Toyota Hiace †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Short and long wheelbase vans 94 and 115bhp 2. 5-litre D-4D diesel engines Gross vehicle weights from 2. 8 to 3. 0 tonnes Built in Japan Toyota Hilux †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Robust pick-up More than 12 million sold worldwide 118bhp 2. 5-litre and 169bhp 3. 0-litre D-4D diesel engines First car to be driven to the Magnetic North Pole (2007) Built in South Africa Toyota Dyna †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Dropside and chassis cab light commercial vehicles 109bhp 3. -litre D-4D diesel engine Payload capacity up to 1. 5 tonnes Built in Portugal Lexus IS 250/220d/IS F †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Second generation IS launched December 2005 Prestige compact sports saloon New 2. 5-litre V6 VVT-i petrol engine and Lexus’s first diesel †“ a 2. 2-litre 175bhp unit – in the IS 220d Number one-ranked vehicle in 2006 and 2007 J. D. Power and Associates UK customer satisfaction survey High performance IS F due for launch in April 2008 Lexus GS 300/460/450h †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ New-generation executive sports saloon, launched spring 2005 3. 0 V6 and 4. -litre V8 VVT-i petrol engines Hybrid power GS 450h combines 3. 5-litre V6 petrol engine with high-output electric motor Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) GS 460 equipped with new 342bhp 4. 6-litre V8, launched January 2008 Lexus LS 460/600h †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Fourth generation of the Lexus flagship saloon, launched in January 2007 4. 6-litre V8 Dual-VVT-i petrol engine World’s first eight-speed automatic transmission World-leading preventive safety systems Hybrid power LS 600h limousine, flagship of the Lexus range, launched October 2007 LS 600h L, the first long-wheelbase Lexus Lexus SC 430 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Luxury sports coupe convertible 4. 3-litre V8 VVT-i petrol engine Fully retracting aluminium hard top Luxury specification includes bespoke Mark Levinson hi-fi system Lexus RX 350/400h †¢ †¢ Second generation of the original premium SUV RX 350 equipped with 3. 5-litre V6 VVT-i petrol engine †¢ †¢ †¢ Permanent four-wheel drive RX 400h powered by Hybrid Synergy Drive, combining 3. 3-litre V6 petrol engine and front and rear electric motors for low emissions and improved efficiency Electric motors provide RX 400h with E-Four electric four-wheel drive on demand TOYOTA (GB) PLC TIME LINE Toyota began importing vehicles into the UK in 1965 through an agreement with a small family firm, Pride and Clark. In 1967 the company changed its name to Toyota (GB) Ltd and in 1978 became part of the Inchcape group, a public company with international interests in a wide range of automotive businesses. In 1998, Toyota’s agreement with Inchcape came to an end and Toyota Motor Corporation took a 51 per cent majority shareholding in Toyota (GB) Ltd. In 1999, the company became a Public Limited Company and in 2000 TMC took complete ownership of Toyota (GB) PLC. TOYOTA MOTOR MANUFACTURING UK LTD The UK has the distinction of having been chosen by Toyota for the location of its first European manufacturing centres. Toyota’s decision to build factories here was influenced by a broad range of issues, including: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ A strong tradition of car manufacturing Availability of a skilled labour force A strong domestic car market Easy access to parts and components suppliers Good communications links with the rest of Europe Encouragement and help from local and national government Both the car plant at Burnaston, near Derby, and the engine factory at Deeside, in North Wales, came on stream in 1992. Toyota has continued to invest in its UK operations, spending more than ? 1. 83 billion to date. The first model to be built at Burnaston – and the first Toyota car to be built in Europe – was the Carina E. This was followed in 1997 by the first generation Avensis and, from 1998, hatchback versions of the Corolla. In 2007 Corolla production made way for five-door versions of Toyota’s new Auris hatchback. Burnaston remains the exclusive global production centre for Avensis. Burnaston’s key role in Toyota’s manufacturing strategy was confirmed when it was named as the world production centre for the current generation Avensis: saloon, hatchback and Tourer estate car models are all built at the plant for both UK and overseas markets. Burnaston has the distinction of being the only Toyota factory to export Toyota models back to Japan, the Avensis being launched on the domestic market in 2004. In May 2004, Toyota announced investment of ? 0 million in the Burnaston factory to boost annual production capacity to 285,000 vehicles in order to meet the rapid growth in customer demand in Europe. Around 70 per cent of production is exported to Europe, with a further 15 per cent to 70 countries worldwide. The factory is Toyota’s largest European production base, in terms of both production capacity and volume, and it ranks as the European motor industry’s second most productive car plant overall. Its standards have been recognised with the Sir George Earle Trophy for health and safety performance, awarded in 2001. Deeside has also enjoyed increased investment and development. Production capacity has been increased and in 2002 a new aluminium casting process was installed, enabling machined parts to be made for worldwide export to other Toyota engine factories. Subsequently investment was agreed to introduce machining and casting operations for Toyota’s ZR 1. 6-litre petrol engine for Auris. On the day that engine went into production, in March 2008, Toyota announced plans for an additional ? 88 million investment in the plant to build a new 1. 3-litre petrol engine for Auris from late 2009. This takes total investment in Deeside to ? 88 million. In February 2007 the factory celebrated building its three millionth engine. Currently it employs more than 650 people, producing engines for the UK-built Auris and Avensis models and engine sets for assembly in France and Turkey. TMUK’s achievements were further honoured in 2005 with a Queen’s Award for International Trade. Betwee n 2002 and 2006, TMUK doubled its overseas export values to around ? 2 billion; the company’s net contribution to the UK’s balance of payments is typically more than ? 500 million a year. In addition Toyota’s European operations spend around â‚ ¬2 billion (approximately ? 1. billion) a year with UK suppliers. Production in 2007 TMUK at Burnaston produced 277,787 vehicles (145,626 Avensis and 120,322 Auris and 11,839 Corolla). Output at Deeside comprised 188,057 assembled engines and 159,302 machined engine sets for export to Toyota plants around the world. THE EUROPEAN PROFILE Toyota’s growing presence in Europe, as a designer, manufacturer and retailer of vehicles, is reflected in a strategically organised network of operations. Toyota’s European head office is in Brussels, home to key activities for Toyota and Lexus across the Continent, covering the European Union and beyond. These include overseeing all manufacturing and engineering operations, marketing, sales, network development and brand management, public relations, strategic and product planning, logistics, customer services, aftersales and human resources/business administration issues. The Yaris is Toyota’s best-selling model in Europe, accounting for one in four of all vehicle sales. The second generation Yaris, built at Toyota’s production centre in Valenciennes, France, was launched in January 2006. Toyota’s investment in Europe since 1990 stands at more than â‚ ¬6 billion (approximately ? . 2 billion). Europe-wide it employs approximately 80,000 people, directly and through its sales and distribution network. Toyota’s holding company for the region (which extends beyond the boundaries of the European Union) is Toyota Motor Europe (TME), created in 2002. On 1 October 2005, TME merged with its two subsidiary companies, Toyota Motor Marketing Europe (TMME), which o versees marketing and sales activities, and Toyota Motor Engineering and Manufacturing Europe (TMEM), which supports Toyota’s manufacturing operations and research and development activities. Although the businesses were incorporated into TME, TMME and TMEM maintained their individual functions and operating structures. European manufacturing Toyota began selling vehicles in Europe in 1963. It has established itself as one of the strongest brands in the European market and also developed a new role as a manufacturer, with production centres in six countries. The first Toyota vehicles to be built in Europe were manufactured under licence in Portugal from 1971. Toyota launched its own European production in the UK in 1992 and has expanded its operations with factories in France (2001), for Yaris, and Turkey (2002), where Corolla, Auris and Verso models are built, and a transmissions plant in Poland, in 2002. In 2005 an engine plant in Jelcz-Laskowice in Poland came on stream, building a new generation of Toyota D-4D common rail diesel engines. At the same time, production started at Toyota Peugeot Citroen Automobile (TPCA) in the Czech Republic, a joint venture between Toyota and PSA Peugeot Citroen. This plant builds the Aygo, as well as city car models for the French partner manufacturers. In December 2007, production of Camry models started at Toyota’s first factory in Russia, in St Petersburg. The expansion of Toyota’s European manufacturing base is in line with the company’s philosophy of building cars local to the markets where they will be sold, ensuring that the product meets regional tastes, driving styles and environmental considerations, such as road quality and traffic levels. Toyota European vehicle production YEAR 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 PRODUCTION TOTAL (1 = 1,000 vehicles) 108. 8 175. 7 181. 5 173. 3 216. 9 344. 6 466. 1 582. 638. 0 808. 5 806. 9 European sales Toyota has enjoyed strong and sustained growth in its European sales volumes and market share, achieving record levels for the past 10 years. In 2007, the company sold 1,238,638 vehicles (1,184,828 Toyota and 53,810 Lexus) in Europe, an increase of 0. 2 per cent on 2006 and a 5. 6 per cent share of the total car market. Toyota European vehicle sa les and market share YEAR 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 European design centre Toyota established its European Design and Development Centre – ED2 – in the South of France in 2000. It plays a crucial role in helping the company create cars that will suit the European market in terms of style and performance. ED2 enjoyed early success with the Toyota Yaris, the first Toyota to be designed in Europe, being named both European and Japanese Car of the Year. Since then, the new Auris and current generation Avensis have emerged from the studio, models central to Toyota’s European market growth. SALES TOTAL (1 = 1,000 vehicles) 471 541 592 656 666 756 835 916 964 1,124 1,185 MARKET SHARE (per cent) 2. 79 2. 98 3. 08 3. 6 3. 58 4. 40 4. 80 5. 00 5. 10 5. 84 5. 60 In 2003, Toyota announced further investment of â‚ ¬75 million (approximately ? 52. 5 million) to extend its research and development centre in Brussels, further emphasising Toyota’s commitment to designing and engineering cars specifically for the European market. The centre was officially opened in January 2006. A HISTORY OF INNOVATION Much of Toyota’s worldwide success has been achie ved through its forward-looking approach and its determination to explore new concepts and technologies. Innovation has been sought not just for the sake of science, but in order to deliver increased safety and performance and environmental benefits in Toyota’s mainstream product range. Toyota invests more than ? 2 billion a year in technology and development of new products, more than any other manufacturer. Furthermore, around a quarter of the research and development budget is dedicated to alternative fuel sources. The Toyota Prius: the world’s cleanest family car When the original Toyota Prius was launched in 1997, it had the distinction of being the world’s first hybrid power car to be offered for general public sale. Prius pioneered a hybrid power system that combines a standard petrol engine with an electric motor, allowing the car to run on different power sources – or a combination of both – according to traffic conditions. That means a substantial reduction in harmful exhaust emissions and improvement in fuel economy. In Latin, the word Prius can be translated to mean â€Å"ahead of its time†, a phrase that perfectly expresses the car’s achievement. Prius: European Car of the Year 2005 In 2003, the second generation Prius took these qualities to even higher levels with the more advanced Toyota Hybrid Synergy (THS II) system. Such is the quality of this powertrain in combining environmentally friendly performance with kind of power and flexibility demanded by drivers, it was named the 2004 International Engine of the Year. Moreover, it claimed this title with highest points score in the history of the awards. Prius is not just about engineering excellence, however, and its all-round qualities earned it the European Car of the Year 2005 title. A panel of international motoring journalists voted Prius the winner by a clear margin over its conventionally-powered rivals on the competition shortlist. The second generation Prius has the ability to run for short periods exclusively on electric power, which means emissions can be cut to zero in city centre traffic. In recognition of its low pollution qualities, Prius was declared exempt from the inner London congestion charge. The official fuel consumption figure for combined cycle driving is 65. 7mpg. The advanced technologies used in Prius do not make it any more difficult to drive than a regular automatic car. Space isn’t compromised either: the powerful electric motor and battery are compact and the car is a regular-sized five-seat family hatchback. Prius is just one in a series of hybrid power Toyota and Lexus models that have been launched around the world. In the UK, the technology was further advanced in summer 2005 with the launch of the Lexus RX 400h. This supremely efficient version of the luxury SUV combines a standard 3. 3-litre petrol V6 engine with twin electric motors. Once again, emissions and fuel economy are improved, while performance levels match those of a regular V8 petrol model. In May 2006 the GS 450h was introduced, the world’s first rear wheel drive full hybrid power sports saloon, equipped with a 3. -litre V6 petrol engine and a high-output electric motor. Hybrid power extended further into the Lexus range in October 2007, with the worldwide launch of the LS 600h, a new flagship limousine powered by the latest development of the Lexus Hybrid System, featuring a 5. 0-litre petrol V8 engine. Future hybrid power At the 2007 Geneva Motor Show, Toyota restated its commitment to developing cleaner and mo re efficient vehicles in its progress towards designing and manufacturing the ultimate eco-car, producing zero emissions. It believes that developing new powertrains can help reduce the impact on the environment in three ways: by improving fuel efficiency, making exhaust emissions cleaner and supporting energy diversification. Toyota’s world-leading hybrid power is at the heart of this strategy, combining different power sources in ways that maximise the strength of each of them. Toyota plans to double the number of hybrid power models in its range and achieve one million sales of these vehicles by the early years of the next decade. To provide an illustration of the possibilities hybrid power provides, it presented two new concept cars at the Geneva motor show, the Hybrid X and the FT-HS. Hybrid X presents a new design language for hybrid cars, offering families more space and comfort in a stylish open-space design. FT-HS (Future Toyota Hybrid Sports) demonstrates the sports performance potential of hybrid power in a front-engine, rear-wheel drive car developing around 400bhp and capable of nought to 62mph acceleration in about four seconds. FT-HS Concept Vehicle Fuel cell technology Toyota has developed its hybrid power systems as a bridge between traditional petrol/diesel combustion engines and a new form of power that will produce no harmful emissions whatsoever. The use of hydrogen fuel cells is recognised by Toyota and many other vehicle manufacturers as a power source of the future. Although the technology to harness power from hydrogen is well advanced today, it cannot be brought to the wider market until a production and supply infrastructure has been established. Toyota has nonetheless made important progress in refining the performance and availability of fuel cell systems, establishing the world’s first commercial leasing system for its FCHV (Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle) in 2003. A further advance was made in 2005 when Toyota became the world’s first manufacturer to achieve vehicle type certification for a vehicle using hydrogen fuel cell technology. The FCHV emits no damaging gases or particulates from its tailpipe, the only by-product of its power source being water. Cleaner diesel power The fact that Toyota is engaged in advancing future power systems does not preclude its refinement and development of the engines it builds today. In recent years, the introduction of features such as â€Å"lean burn† technology, intelligent variable valve timing (VVT-i) and direct injection petrol and diesel systems have all helped improve performance while reducing fuel consumption and emissions. The development of Toyota D-CAT (Diesel Clean Advanced Technology) has brought record low levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions, far below the levels demanded by European standards. Central to its operation is the world’s first maintenance-free four-way DPNR catalyst system. A new generation of cleaner, more efficient common rail diesel engines has been developed by Toyota. A high power version of this new 2. 2-litre D-4D unit, the D-4D 180 features D-CAT to achieve excellent emissions without compromising performance or fuel economy. The new D-4D engines are manufactured in Europe by Toyota Motor Industries Poland (TMIP) and have been introduced in the Auris, Verso, RAV4 and Avensis model ranges. Advances in safety Safety is another key area in which Toyota continues to deliver market-leading new technology and systems. Both active and passive safety measures are addressed: active safety concerns the means by which the driver and vehicle can avoid hazards through technological features such as anti-lock braking, stability control and traction control; passive safety covers the way in which driver and passengers are protected should an accident occur, such as airbags, seatbelts and elements in the car’s basic structure that absorb and channel impact forces away from the cabin. Toyota’s work in designing integrated transport systems has helped develop features such as Pre-Crash Safety, in which a radar system and electronic control unit can determine when a collision is inevitable and trigger seatbelt pretensioners and emergency braking at the optimum moment before impact. Toyota recognises the importance of preventive safety systems which detect the risk of an accident and assist the driver in avoiding it, or, should the worst happen, mitigating the consequences. This technology has successfully moved from the test laboratory to become available on the latest-generation Lexus GS and LS models. The Lexus LS 460 and 600h are equipped with the world’s most sophisticated safety package, including an infra-red camera and radar system that can detect obstacles on the road ahead, day and night and the world’s first rear pre-crash safety system, which predicts a rear-end impact and automatically adjusts the front head restraints to protect occupants from whiplash injury. Toyota was the first manufacturer to introduce knee airbags on European models and also front and rear monitors, which use miniature cameras to give drivers a better view at blind junctions and when reversing. The real benefits of Toyota’s â€Å"total safety† approach in designing its new vehicles can be witnessed in the five-star ratings for passenger crash protection awarded by Euro NCAP to the Toyota Yaris, Prius, Auris, Avensis and Verso and Lexus IS and GS models. New models developed by Toyota now undergo more stringent in-house safety testing, with impacts at higher speeds to ensure the highest levels of accident protection. Information Technology Making journeys quicker and more efficient is another target of Toyota’s innovative approach. Advances in IT have allowed for increasingly sophisticated information, communications and navigation systems to be installed in today’s production models. The UK was one of the first markets in Europe to benefit from an automatic traffic monitoring system that works in conjunction with the vehicle’s satellite navigation unit. This system, known as ETA (Electronic Traffic Avoidance), constantly monitors a range of traffic information sources and, if it detects congestion ahead on a pre-programmed route, will automatically offer the driver an alternative course, avoiding potential hold-ups. ETA not only has the potential to save the driver time, it can also increase efficiency in vehicle use. TOYOTA AND THE ENVIRONMENT TMC strives to reduce the environmental impact of all its activities and seeks growth that is in harmony with the world around us. Toyota’s approach to environmental issues is enshrined in the Toyota Earth Charter of 1992 (revised in 2000). The charter not only provides a framework and guidelines for the way Toyota operates its manufacturing, distribution and retail activities worldwide, it also promotes cooperation with other businesses and organisations to achieve greater environmental protection. The principle elements of the Toyota Earth Charter: 1. Contribution toward a prosperous 21st century society: in order to contribute toward a prosperous 21st century society, aim for growth that is in harmony with the environment and challenge achievement of zero emissions throughout all areas of business activities. 2. Pursuit of environmental technologies: pursue all possible environmental technologies, developing and establishing new technologies to enable the environment and economy to co-exist harmoniously. 3. Voluntary actions: develop a voluntary improvement plan that is not only based on thorough preventive measures and compliance to laws, but that also addresses environmental issues on global, national and regional scales. 4. Working in cooperation with society: build close and cooperative relationships with a wide spectrum of individuals and organisations involved in environmental preservation, including governments and local municipalities as well as related companies and industries. The strength of Toyota’s commitment to environmental issues was recognised in 1999 when it received the United Nations Environment Programme Global 500 Award. Toyota is the only car manufacturer to have been honoured in this way. THE EUROPEAN ROAD SAFETY PROGRAMME Toyota’s all-embracing commitment to road safety goes beyond the design and production of safer vehicles. Toyota Motor Europe is a sponsor of the European Road Assessment Programme (EuroRAP), a body which brings together national motoring organisations from across the Continent to monitor the safety of principle routes outside urban areas. Roads are rated according to the level of risk of accidents causing death or serious injury. This alerts road users to the dangers of particular roads and serves to highlight those areas where mprovements need to be made in road design and crash protection measures, in order to improve driver, passenger and pedestrian safety. EuroRAP is a sister programme to the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP), which undertakes detailed crash testing to determine the protection offered to both vehicle passengers and pedestrians. TOYOTA IN FORMULA 1 Toyota has taken on the greatest challenge in world motor sport, Formula 1. The Panasonic Toyota Racing team is based in state-of-the-art premises in Cologne, Germany, and entered its first grand prix season in 2002. Toyota announced its decision to enter Formula 1 in 1999. Hiroshi Okuda, then President of the Board, said: â€Å"Toyota has an ambitious long-term vision to challenge for the FIA Formula 1 Constructor and Driver titles. Nothing less! It’s an exciting vision that demands an enormous commitment of resources and time, requiring us to deploy all of our world-leading skills, systems and technology. † As both engine and chassis builder, Toyota has made a huge commitment to Formula 1 and the team has access to the company’s full resources to help achieve the best results. Toyota Motorsport GmbH (TMG), Cologne, was the natural choice for the team’s base. A large, specialised motor sport facility with skilled staff and a long and successful track record in the World Rally Championship was already established there, under the leadership of the then TMG president Ove Andersson. An intensive testing programme was launched in 2000 for the development and proving of key racing components, such as hydraulic systems and brakes, using the Le Mans GT-One sports car, piloted by Allan McNish. Testing of the first Formula 1 car began in March the following year. McNish and Finnish driver Mika Salo competed for Toyota in its debut season. They were replaced by Frenchman Olivier Panis and Cristiano da Matta, from Brazil, for the 2003 and 2004 campaigns. In 2008, Italian Jarno Trulli is competing in his fourth season for the team, joined by new recruit, German driver Timo Glock, the reigning GP2 champion. Test driver for the season is another newcomer to the team, Japanese driver Kamui Kobayashi. The 2008 Panasonic Toyota Racing Formula 1 Car driven by Jarno Trulli Formula 1 may be associated with wealth and opulence, but the activities at TMG adhere to Toyota’s environmental ambitions. The planning of the operation included an on-site recycling unit. Virtually all used materials are recycled, rather than being thrown away. TOYOTA MILESTONES 1918 1929 Sakichi Toyoda invents the world’s first automatic loom. The Toyota Spinning and Weaving company is founded. Sakichi Toyoda sells the patent for his loom to Platt Brothers of Oldham for ? 100,000. He hands over the proceeds to his son, Kichiro, to develop automotive technology. Establishing an automobile department within the loom works. Production of the first prototype car, the Toyota AA, begins. The Toyota Motor Corporation is founded with an initial investment of 12 million Yen (approx. ?300,000). Toyota builds its 100,000th vehicle Toyota begins vehicle exports from Japan, initially to South East Asia and Latin America. Toyota launches its first completely Japanese designed and built passenger car, the Crown. European exports begin, with Toyotas shipped to Denmark. Total production reaches the one million mark. Toyota enters the UK market with the Corona. Introduced at the Earls Court Motor Show, it costs ? 1,000. The exclusive import rights are held by a family firm, Pride and Clark. Toyota introduces the Corolla. It becomes the world’s best selling model range, with nine successive Corolla generations achieving more than 29 million sales around the globe. Pride and Clark changes its name to Toyota (GB) Ltd. Toyota builds its 10 millionth vehicle Ove Andersson takes Toyota into world rally competition. Toyota establishes an overseas design centre, CALTY, at Newport Beach, California. Toyota achieves its first World Rally Championship victory. Andersson Motorsport is renamed Toyota Team Europe (TTE). Toyota enters an arrangement with General Motors to build cars in the USA. NUMMI (New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. ) is founded. Toyota’s domestic vehicle production passes 50 million. Toyota announces its first European engine and vehicle production centres, at Deeside and Burnaston in the UK. Toyota Motor Marketing and Engineering Europe (TMME) is established. Carlos Sainz wins the World Rally Championship, driving a Toyota Celica. The Toyota Earth Charter is published, expressing the company’s commitment to environmental issues. TTE is bought by Toyota Motor Corporation and renamed Toyota Motorsport GmbH. Toyota becomes the dominant manufacturer in the World Rally Championship with Celica achieving a clean sweep in both seasons. TMC announces it will open a factory in Valenciennes, northern France, to build the new Yaris model. Toyota launches the world’s first hybrid power production car, the Prius. Toyota ends its World Rally Championship campaign, having achieved three manufacturers’ championships, four drivers’ championships and 43 individual rally victories. The company now focuses its efforts on Formula 1. 1936 1937 1947 1950 onwards 1957 1962 1965 1966 1967 1972 1972 1973 1975 1984 1986 1989 1990 1992 1993 1993-94 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Yaris becomes the first Toyota model to be honoured as European Car of the Year. Domestic production passes 100 million. TMC takes full ownership of Toyota (GB) PLC. Toyota opens its ED2 design centre in the South of France. Toyota (GB) PLC (TGB) moves from Redhill to new, purpose-built headquarters near Epsom, Surrey. Toyota annual UK sales pass 100,000 for the first time. Burnaston is awarded the the Sir George Earle Trophy for health and safety performance. Panasonic Toyota Racing makes its debut in Formula 1. The Toyota FCHV becomes the world’s first pollution-free fuel cell vehicle to be available through commercial leasing. Toyota and Nissan agree to co-operate on hybrid power technology. Burnaston begins production of the new Toyota Avensis. Toyota launches the second generation Prius, featuring a more advanced Hybrid Synergy Drive powertrain. It is the world’s cleanest family car. TGB and 11 other Toyota national sales and marketing companies in Europe become subsidiaries or affiliated companies of TMC. TMC announces ? 50 million investment in Burnaston to increase production to 285,000 units a year. The second generation Toyota Prius is named the 2005 European Car of the Year. Its Hybrid Synergy Drive powertrain is awarded the 2004 International Engine of the Year title. In October, Toyota manufactures its 2. 5 millionth vehicle in Europe The UK is announced as the site for Toyota’s European Global Production Training Centre. TMUK receives the Queen’s Award for International Trade. Record production levels are achieved at Burnaston; the UK plant also builds its two millionth vehicle. Production of the Aygo city car starts, the smallest model to be launched by Toyota in Europe. Aygo is built in a joint project with PSA Peugeot Citroen at a new production centre in Kolin, in the Czech Republic. New-generation 2. -litre D-4D diesel engines are launched, built at Toyota’s new facility in Poland. Avensis and Verso are the first models to adopt them. New Toyota Hilux is launched in October, the sixth generation of Toyota’s legendary go-anywhere pick-up. December brings an all-new Yaris, the second generation of Toyota’s top-selling European model. It achieves a top five-star Euro NCAP rating for occupant crash protection. The RAV4, Europe’s most popular SUV, enters a new era with an all-new model. More flexible interior accommodation and advanced drive technology raise the benchmark in the compact SUV segment. New 148 and 175bhp 2. 2-litre diesel engines are introduced in the Avensis range, the latter equipped with Toyota’s D-CAT catalyst system to achieve substantial reductions in exhaust emissions. The Hilux pick-up benefits from a revised 2. 5-litre D-4D engine, increasing power and torque. A 169bhp 3. 0-litre D-4D unit is announced for the range, available from early 2007. Cleaner and more powerful (94 and 118bhp) 2. 5-litre D-4D engines are also introduced in the Hiace range of vans. Toyota unveils the Auris, an all new family hatchback model to be built in the UK and Turkey. 2007 2008 Production of Auris begins at TMUK’s Burnaston factory, with investment in the Deeside engine plant to build new ZR 1. 6-litre petrol engines for the model. UK sales started on 1 February. Deeside celebrates building its three millionth engine since production began in 1992. On 2 May a Toyota Hilux becomes the first car to reach the Magnetic North Pole, driven by Jeremy Clarkson and James May of the BBC’s Top Gear programme. A new 3. 0-litre D-4D diesel engine is introduced into the Dyna, completing Toyota’s upgrading of its complete LCV powertrain range to meet Euro IV emissions standards. The Yaris range is extended to include a new flagship SR 1. 8 model, powered exclusively by a new 1. 8-litre Dual VVT-i petrol engine. The Land Cruiser V8 is scheduled for UK launch in February, replacing the Land Cruiser Amazon at the top of Toyota’s 44 range. Toyota unveils a production-ready version of the iQ at the Geneva motor show, a new compact urban car due to go on sale early in 2009. Also revealed is the Urban Cruiser, a new compact SUV, due for European launch in 2009. Toyota announces ? 88 million new investment in TMUK’s Deeside plant to produce a new 1. -litre petrol engine for Auris from late 2009. Front cover images (Front emblem image) Toyota Motor Manufacturing UK: Much of Toyota’s recent success has been achieved by designing, engineering and building cars in the world regions where they will be sold. In 1989 Toyota Motor Manufacturing UK was formed, ahead of the opening of Toyota’s first European production centres a car plant at Burna ston, near Derby, and an engine factory at Deeside, in North Wales. (Hilux Polar Challenge image) Polar Challenge: A Toyota Hilux made history by becoming the first car to reach the Magnetic North Pole, on 2 May 2007. Adapted by Arctic Trucks, the vehicle was piloted by BBC Top Gear presenters Jeremy Clarkson and James May. (iQ image) Toyota iQ: iQ represents a new generation of urban vehicles, shorter than Aygo but with space on board for three adults, plus additional room for luggage or a child passenger. Following its debut at the Geneva Motor Show, it is due to go into production in late 2008. (Formula 1 image) Formula 1: Toyota fields one of Formula 1’s foremost teams, its sporting ambition being to claim both the manufacturer and driver titles. 080314N USEFUL TOYOTA ADDRESSES Head Office – Japan Toyota Motor Corporation 1 Toyota-cho-Toyota City Aichi 471 Japan Tel: 00 815 6528 2121 Head Office UK Toyota (GB) PLC Great Burgh Burgh Heath Epsom Surrey KT18 5UX Tel: 01737 363633 Manufacturing Plants UK Toyota Motor Manufacturing (UK) Ltd Burnaston Derbyshire DE1 9TA Tel: 01332 282121 European Head Office Belgium Toyota Motor Europe Avenue du Bourget 60 1140 Brussels Belgium Tel: 00 32 27452099 Toyota Motorsport Toyota Motorsport GmbH Toyota-Allee 7 50858 Koln Germany Tel: 00 49 22341823444 European Design Development Centre ED? Sophia Antipolis International Science Park 2650 Route des Colles BP 253 06905 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex France Tel: 00 33 497 232500